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F2 > Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute is known as _______.

A

Cardiac output

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2
Q

Cardiac output gives a measure of _______.

A

Cardiac performance

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3
Q

Cardiac output is an indicator of _____ ______ flow through the body because all blood that leaves the _______ flows through the ________.

A

Total blood
heart
tissues

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4
Q

The formula for cardiac output is _______.

A

Cardiac output (CO) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR)

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5
Q

At rest one side of the heart ________ all the blood in the body through it in _______.

A

pumps
One minute

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6
Q

During exercise cardiac output can increase up to _______ times.

A

30-35

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7
Q

Homeostatic changes in cardiac output are accomplished by varying _______, _______ or both.

A

Heart rate
stroke volume

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8
Q

Trained athletes have a heart rate of approximately _______ bpm.

A

50

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9
Q

Someone who is excited or anxious may have a heart rate of up to _______ bpm.

A

125

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10
Q

Heart rate is initiated by _______ in the SA node.

A

Autorhythmic cells

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11
Q

Heart rate is modulated by _______ and _______ input.

A

Neuronal
hormonal

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12
Q

The _______ division of the nervous system controls heart rate.

A

Autonomic

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13
Q

_______ activity decreases heart rate.

A

Parasympathetic

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14
Q

Parasympathetic activity decreases heart rate by delaying _______ in the pacemaker cells.

A

Onset of action potential

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15
Q

_______ activity increases heart rate.

A

Sympathetic

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16
Q

Sympathetic activity increases heart rate by increasing the _______.

A

Rate of action potential firing

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17
Q

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in _______.

A

One contraction

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18
Q

The formula for stroke volume is _______.

A

Stroke volume (SV) = End diastolic volume (EDV) – End systolic volume (ESV)

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19
Q

A normal stroke volume is approximately _______ ml/beat.

A

70

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20
Q

End diastolic volume is the maximum filling of a ventricle at the end of _______.

A

Ventricular relaxation (diastole)

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21
Q

A normal end diastolic volume is approximately _______ ml.

A

135

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22
Q

End systolic volume is the amount of blood left in a ventricle at the end of _______.

A

Contraction (systole)

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23
Q

A normal end systolic volume is approximately _______ ml.

A

65

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24
Q

Heart contractility is the intrinsic ability of the heart muscle to _______ at any given fiber length.

A

Contract

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25
Q

A chemical that affects contractility is called a(n) _______.

A

Inotropic agent

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26
Q

The influence of an inotropic agent is called a(n) _______.

A

Inotropic effect

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27
Q

A negative inotropic effect _______ contractility.

A

Decreases

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28
Q

A positive inotropic effect _______ contractility.

A

Increases

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29
Q

Examples of positive inotropic agents are _______ and _______.

A

Epinephrine
norepinephrine

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30
Q

As contraction force increases _______ also increases.

A

Stroke volume

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31
Q

Preload is the degree of _______ before contraction.

A

Myocardial stretch

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32
Q

An increase in venous return leads to an increase in _______.

A

Ventricular filling

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33
Q

An increase in ventricular filling leads to an increase in _______.

A

End diastolic volume (EDV)

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34
Q

An increase in end diastolic volume leads to an increase in _______.

A

Myocardial stretch (preload)

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35
Q

Stroke volume increases as _______ increases.

A

End diastolic volume (EDV)

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36
Q

An increase in EDV increases preload which in turn increases the _______.

A

Force of contraction

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37
Q

An increase in the force of contraction ultimately leads to an increase in _______.

A

Stroke volume

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38
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV) is determined by _______.

A

Venous return

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39
Q

Venous return is affected by three factors: _______ __________, and _________

A

Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Sympathetic innervation of veins

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40
Q

When skeletal muscles contract they _______ veins to increase venous return

A

Squeeze

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41
Q

The movement of the thorax during inspiration _______ pressure in the venae cavae.

A

Decreases

42
Q

Decreased pressure in the venae cavae _______ more blood into the heart.

A

Draws

43
Q

Constriction of veins by sympathetic nerves _______ more blood into the heart.

A

Squeezes

44
Q

_______ is the amount of blood pumped out by the left ventricle in one minute.

A

Cardiac Output

45
Q

_______ is a key indicator of how efficiently the heart is functioning.

A

Cardiac Output

46
Q

Since all blood leaving the heart circulates through the body cardiac output also reflects the _______.

A

Total blood flow through the body

47
Q

Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying _______ by heart rate.

A

Stroke Volume

48
Q

A typical resting cardiac output is approximately _______ liters per minute.

A

5

49
Q

During intense exercise

A

cardiac output can surge dramatically

50
Q

The body maintains a stable cardiac output by adjusting _______ and _______.

A

Heart rate
stroke volume

51
Q

Both local and reflex mechanisms contribute to the regulation of _______.

A

Cardiac output

52
Q

_______ have significantly lower resting heart rates compared to untrained individuals.

A

Trained athletes

53
Q

Factors like excitement or anxiety can cause a notable _______ in heart rate.

A

Increase

54
Q

The rhythmic beating of the heart is initiated by specialized _______ located in the sinoatrial (SA) node.

A

Autorhythmic cells

55
Q

The heart rate is influenced by signals from both the _______ and _______ systems.

A

Nervous
endocrine (hormonal)

56
Q

The _______ nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling heart rate.

A

Autonomic

57
Q

Activation of the _______ nervous system slows down the heart rate.

A

Parasympathetic

58
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system achieves heart rate reduction by delaying the _______ in pacemaker cells.

A

Onset of action potentials

59
Q

The _______ nervous system accelerates the heart rate.

A

Sympathetic

60
Q

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate by boosting the _______ in pacemaker cells.

A

Rate of action potential firing

61
Q

_______ refers to the volume of blood ejected from a ventricle with each heartbeat.

A

Stroke Volume

62
Q

Stroke volume is determined by subtracting the _______ from the end-diastolic volume.

A

End-systolic volume

63
Q

On average each heartbeat pumps out approximately _______ milliliters of blood.

A

70

64
Q

_______ represents the maximum volume of blood in a ventricle just before it contracts.

A

End-diastolic volume

65
Q

The typical end-diastolic volume is around _______ milliliters.

A

135

66
Q

_______ is the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after it has contracted.

A

End-systolic volume

67
Q

The end-systolic volume is usually about _______ milliliters.

A

65

68
Q

A positive inotropic effect _______ the strength of heart contractions.

A

Enhances

69
Q

An increase in contractile force leads to a corresponding increase in _______.

A

Stroke volume

70
Q

The extent to which the heart muscle is stretched before contraction is termed _______.

A

Preload

71
Q

Increased venous return results in greater _______ which stretches the ventricle more.

A

Ventricular filling

72
Q

Elevated ventricular filling elevates the _______.

A

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

73
Q

A larger end-diastolic volume stretches the heart muscle more increasing the _______.

A

Preload

74
Q

As per the Frank-Starling law an increase in end-diastolic volume leads to an increase in _______.

A

Stroke volume

75
Q

A rise in end-diastolic volume augments preload and consequently the _______ ultimately resulting in a larger stroke volume.

A

Force of contraction

76
Q

The primary factor determining end-diastolic volume is _______.

A

Venous return

77
Q

Why do trained athletes have a low heart rate of 50 bpm

A

They have a higher stroke volume which allows cardiac output to still be maintained

78
Q

The skeletal muscle pump aids venous return by _______ veins during muscle contraction.

A

Compressing

79
Q

During inspiration

A

the respiratory pump facilitates venous return by _______ pressure in the venae cavae

80
Q

The _______

A

a cluster of specialized cells in the right atrium

81
Q

In contrast

A

the _______ nervous system increases heart rate. Answer: Sympathetic

82
Q

According to the Frank-Starling law

A

an increase in end-diastolic volume leads to a corresponding increase in _______. Answer: Stroke volume

83
Q

A larger end-diastolic volume increases both preload and _______

A

ultimately resulting in a greater stroke volume. Answer: Force of contraction

84
Q

_______ is the primary determinant of end-diastolic volume. Answer: Venous return

A
85
Q

The skeletal muscle pump enhances venous return by _______ veins when muscles contract. Answer: Compressing or squeezing

A
86
Q

During the process of inspiration

A

the _______ aids venous return by decreasing pressure in the venae cavae

87
Q

The activity of _______ can constrict veins

A

effectively pushing more blood towards the heart and improving venous return. Answer: Sympathetic nerves

88
Q

Because all blood leaving the heart flows through the body’s tissues

A

cardiac output reflects the _______. Answer: total blood flow through the body

89
Q

The body maintains a stable cardiac output by adjusting _______. Answer: heart rate and stroke volume

A
90
Q

The rhythmic beating of the heart is initiated by _______ in the SA node. Answer: autorhythmic cells

A
91
Q

Heart rate is controlled by the _______ division of the nervous system. Answer: autonomic

A
92
Q

_______ activity slows down the heart rate. Answer: Parasympathetic

A
93
Q

Parasympathetic activity decreases heart rate by delaying the _______ in pacemaker cells. Answer: onset of action potential

A
94
Q

_______ activity speeds up the heart rate. Answer: Sympathetic

A
95
Q

Sympathetic activity increases heart rate by increasing the rate of _______. Answer: action potential firing

A
96
Q

_______ is calculated by subtracting end-systolic volume from end-diastolic volume. Answer: Stroke volume

A
97
Q

All the blood that leaves the heart flows through the ____________

A

Tissues

98
Q

Where is cardiovascular centre located

A

In medulla oblongata

99
Q

Sympathetic cardio vascular control

A
  1. Sympathetic neurons secrete NE
  2. NE binds to B1 receptors of autorrhymic cells
  3. This causes an Increase Na+ and Ca2+ influx
  4. Thus an Increase in rate of depolarisation
  5. Increase in heart rate
100
Q

Parasympathetic neurons (Ach) to decrease heart rate

A

Parasympathetic neurons secrete Ach
2.Ach binds to muscarinic receptors of autorrhymic cells
3. This causes an Increase K+ efflux and decreases Ca2+ influx
4. Thus hyperpolarization of autorrhymic cells and decrease in rate of depolarisation
5. Decrease in heart rate

101
Q

What is the Frank starling law

A

Increase in EDV INCREASES preload thus increasing force of contraction and therefore an increase in Stroke volume

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