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F2 > Blood Flow and Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Blood Flow and Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood flow or flow rate

A

How much blood flows past a point

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2
Q

The velocity of flow is a measure of how _____ blood flows past a point.

A

fast

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3
Q

Blood flow is a result of a pressure _____.

A

gradient (ΔP)

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4
Q

Pressure is the _____ exerted by fluid on its container.

A

force

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5
Q

A ______ ________is the difference in pressure between two ends

A

pressure gradient

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6
Q

Blood always flows from an area of _____ pressure to an area of _____ pressure.

A

high
low

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7
Q

The _____ and _______ arteries have the highest pressure in the circulatory system.

A

aorta
systemic

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8
Q

The _____ have the lowest pressure in the circulatory system.

A

vena cavae

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9
Q

Blood flow is _____ proportional to the pressure gradient.

A

directly

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10
Q

When the heart contracts the force is transferred to the _____.

A

blood

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11
Q

The heart contracting creates _____ pressure for blood to flow through the entire system.

A

driving

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12
Q

When the heart _____ pressure falls.

A

relaxes

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13
Q

_____ opposes blood flow.

A

Resistance

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14
Q

Resistance is mainly determined by the _____ of the tube.

A

radius

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15
Q

As blood flows through the system pressure _____ as a result of friction.

A

decreases

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16
Q

Blood flow is _____ proportional to resistance.

A

inversely

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17
Q

Blood vessels are composed of layers of smooth muscle _____ connective tissue and ______ connective tissue

A

Elastic
Fibrous

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18
Q

The inner layer of a blood vessel is called the _____.

A

endothelium

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19
Q

The endothelium secretes _____.

A

paracrine factors

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20
Q

The endothelium regulates _____ _____.

A

blood pressure

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21
Q

The endothelium plays an important role in blood vessel _____.

A

growth

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22
Q

The endothelium is involved in the _____ of materials.

A

absorption

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23
Q

_____ _____ _____ surrounds some blood vessels.

A

Vascular smooth muscle

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24
Q

Vascular smooth muscle is arranged in _____ or _____ layers.

A

circular
spiral

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25
Q

When vascular smooth muscles contract _____ occurs

A

Vasoconstriction: narrowing of lumen off the blood vessel

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26
Q

When vascular smooth muscles relax _____ occurs

A

Vasodilation: widening of lumen off the blood vessel

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27
Q

In most blood vessels smooth muscle maintains a state of partial contraction at all times, this is known as _______

A

Muscle tone

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28
Q

Muscle tone is influenced by _____, _________ and _______

A

Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Paracrine factors

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29
Q

Which blood vessels have the thickest walls

A

Arteries ( 0.1-10+) mm

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30
Q

Arterioles are _____ elastic and _____ muscular than other blood vessels.

A

less
more

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31
Q

The walls of arterioles contain several layers of _____ _____.

A

smooth muscle

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32
Q

Arterioles are known as the site of _____ resistance.

A

variable

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33
Q

Arterioles direct blood flow to individual tissues by selective _____ or _____.

A

constriction
dilation

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34
Q

Which blood vessels are known as micro circulation

A

Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules

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35
Q

_____ are the smallest blood vessels in the cardiovascular system.

A

Capillaries

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36
Q

The leaky epithelium of capillaries allows the _____ of materials.

A

exchange

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37
Q

Capillaries lack _____ _____ and elastic or fibrous tissue reinforcement.

A

smooth muscle

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38
Q

Capillary walls consist of a single layer of _____ supported on the extracellular matrix (basal lamina).

A

endothelium

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39
Q

The three types of capillaries are _____,______ and _______

A

Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoids

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40
Q

Continuous capillaries have endothelial cells that are joined with _____ _____.

A

leaky junctions

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41
Q

Continuous capillaries are found in _____, _________ tissue and _______ tissue

A

Muscles
Connective
Neural

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42
Q

_____ capillaries have endothelial cells joined with large pores (fenestrae).

A

Fenestrated

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43
Q

The large pores in fenestrated capillaries allow high volumes of _____ to pass between the _______and ______

A

fluid
plasma
interstitial fluid.

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44
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are found in the _____ and _____.

A

kidneys
intestine

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45
Q

_____ are modified capillaries that are 5 times wider than other capillaries.

A

Sinusoids

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46
Q

Sinusoids are found in locations where _____ _____ and _____ _____ need to cross the endothelium to enter the blood.

A

blood cells
plasma proteins

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47
Q

The types of exchange that occur in capillaries are _____, ________ and _______

A

Diffusion
Transcytosis
Bulk flow

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48
Q

_____ occurs in capillaries due to a concentration gradient and is how smaller solutes and gases are exchanged.

A

Diffusion

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49
Q

_____ is the process by which large solutes and proteins are exchanged in capillaries.

A

Transcytosis

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50
Q

_____ _____ is the mass movement of fluids due to hydrostatic or oncotic pressure.

A

Bulk flow

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51
Q

Movement between endothelial cells is referred to as the _____ pathway.

A

paracellular

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52
Q

Movement through endothelial cells is referred to as _____ transport.

A

endothelial

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53
Q

_____ is the movement of fluid out of the capillary.

A

Filtration

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54
Q

Filtration is due to _____ pressure.

A

hydrostatic

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55
Q

_____ is the movement of fluid into the capillary.

A

Absorption

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56
Q

Absorption is due to _____ _____ pressure.

A

colloid osmotic

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57
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure is created by _____ _____ in the plasma that are absent from the interstitial fluid.

A

plasma proteins

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58
Q

_____ is usually greater than absorption.

A

Filtration

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59
Q

Filtered fluid needs to be returned to the _____.

A

plasma

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60
Q

The _____ _____ is responsible for returning filtered fluid to the plasma.

A

Lymphatic system

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61
Q

At the arteriole end of a capillary the hydrostatic pressure (PH) is _____ mm Hg.

A

33

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62
Q

At the arteriole end of a capillary the colloid osmotic pressure (PO) is _____ mm Hg.

A

20

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63
Q

The net filtration pressure at the arteriole end of a capillary is _____ mm Hg.

A

13

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64
Q

At the venule end of a capillary the hydrostatic pressure (PH) is _____ mm Hg.

A

13

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65
Q

At the venule end of a capillary the colloid osmotic pressure (PO) is _____ mm Hg.

A

20

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66
Q

The net absorption pressure at the venule end of a capillary is _____ mm Hg.

A

-7

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67
Q

During filtration the hydrostatic pressure (PH) caused by blood pushing against the vessel wall is _____ mm Hg

A

13

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68
Q

During filtration the colloid osmotic pressure (PO) caused by plasma proteins is _____ mm Hg

A

20

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69
Q

During filtration PH is _____ than PO

A

Larger

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70
Q

During absorption PH decreases to _____ mm Hg due to fluid loss and resistance.

A

13

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71
Q

During absorption PO remains the same at _____ mm Hg as plasma protein concentration is unchanged

A

20

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72
Q

During absorption PO is _____ than PH

A

Larger

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73
Q

The absorption pressure (_____ mm Hg) is less than the filtration pressure (_____ mm Hg).

A

-7 (opp direction)
13

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74
Q

Because absorption pressure is less than filtration pressure more fluid is _____ than _____.

A

filtered
Absorbed

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75
Q

The _____ system removes excess fluid and returns it back to the circulation.

A

lymphatic

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76
Q

Blood flows from _____ into venules.

A

capillaries

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77
Q

The smallest venules are similar to _____.

A

capillaries

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78
Q

Venules have a thin exchange endothelium and little _____ tissue.

A

connective

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79
Q

Venules are distinguished from capillaries by their _____ pattern of flow.

A

convergent

80
Q

_____ _____ begins to appear in the walls of venules.

A

Smooth muscle

81
Q

The diameter of veins _____ as blood flows to the heart.

A

increases

82
Q

The largest veins the _____ _____

A

Vena cavae

83
Q

Veins have _____ valves to ensure blood flows in one direction.

A

one-way

84
Q

Compared to arteries veins are more _____, larger, lie ____ to the surface is the skin, _______ walls and less ______ tissue

A

Numerous
Diameter
Closer
Thinner
Elastic

85
Q

Veins expand more _____ when they fill with blood.

A

Easily

86
Q

Veins hold more than _____ of the blood in the circulatory system making them a volume _____.

A

half

87
Q

The lymphatic system is part of the _____,_____ and ______ system

A

Circulatory
Digestive
Immune

88
Q

One function of the lymphatic system is returning _____ and _____ filtered out of the capillaries to the circulatory system.

A

fluid
proteins

89
Q

Another function of the lymphatic system is picking up _____ absorbed at the small intestine and transferring it to the circulatory system.

A

fat

90
Q

The lymphatic system also serves as a _____ to help capture and destroy foreign particles.

A

filter

91
Q

_____ lymphatic vessels lie close to all blood capillaries.

A

Blind-ending

92
Q

Fluid inside the lymphatic vessels is known as _____.

A

lymph

93
Q

Lymphatic vessels allow _____ movement of fluid from the tissues to the circulation.

A

one-way

94
Q

Lymphatic vessels contain _____ valves to ensure one-way flow.

A

semilunar

95
Q

Large gaps in lymphatic vessels allow fluid to be swept in by _____ _____.

A

bulk flow

96
Q

Lymphatic vessels empty into venous circulation at the _____ veins.

A

subclavian

97
Q

_____ _____ are bean-shaped nodules with a fibrous outer capsule.

A

Lymph nodes

98
Q

Lymph nodes contain immunologically active cells such as _____ and _____.

A

lymphocytes
macrophages

99
Q

Lymph nodes _____ in response to infection.

A

enlarge

100
Q

_____ is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

A

Oedema

101
Q

Oedema is usually caused by inadequate drainage of lymph due to _____ of lymphatic vessels.

A

obstruction

102
Q

Oedema can also be caused by _____ that greatly exceeds _____.

A

filtration
absorption

103
Q

Increased capillary _____ _____ can contribute to oedema.

A

hydrostatic pressure

104
Q

A decrease in _____ _____ concentration can contribute to oedema.

A

plasma protein

105
Q

An increase in _____ proteins can contribute to oedema.

A

interstitial

106
Q

If hydrostatic pressure (PH) increases to 40 mm Hg at the arteriole end the net filtration pressure becomes _____ mm Hg.

A

20

107
Q

If hydrostatic pressure (PH) increases to 40 mm Hg at the arteriole end the net absorption pressure at the venule end becomes _____ mm Hg.

A

-2

108
Q

If plasma protein concentration decreases leading to a PO of 10 mm Hg at the arteriole end

A
109
Q

If plasma protein concentration decreases leading to a PO of 10 mm Hg at the arteriole end

A
110
Q

If interstitial proteins increase

A

leading to a PO of 13 mm Hg at the arteriole end

111
Q

If interstitial proteins increase

A

leading to a PO of 13 mm Hg at the arteriole end

112
Q

Blood flow is proportional to the pressure gradient divided by _____.

A

resistance

113
Q

Arteries function as a _____ reservoir providing driving pressure.

A

pressure

114
Q

Arterioles are the site of _____ resistance.

A

variable

115
Q

_____ are responsible for the exchange of materials.

A

Capillaries

116
Q

The processes of _____

A

_____

117
Q

Veins function as a _____ reservoir.

A

volume

118
Q

In the circulatory system the lymphatic system returns excess _____ to the _____.

A

fluid

119
Q

The _____ _____ are an important part of the lymphatic system’s immune function.

A

lymph nodes

120
Q

The lymphatic system is involved in the _____ of fats in the digestive system.

A

absorption

121
Q

_____ is the abnormal accumulation of fluid.

A

Oedema

122
Q

Oedema can be caused by _____ in lymph ducts.

A

blockage

123
Q

Oedema can be caused by increased _____.

A

PH (hydrostatic pressure)

124
Q

Oedema can be caused by decreased _____ _____.

A

plasma proteins

125
Q

Oedema can be caused by increased _____ _____.

A

interstitial proteins

126
Q

Oedema can also be caused by decreased _____.

A

PO (colloid osmotic pressure)

127
Q

Blood flows from low pressure to high pressure.

A

False

128
Q

The endothelium plays a role in regulating blood pressure.

A

True

129
Q

Vasodilation narrows the lumen of a blood vessel.

A

False

130
Q

Arterioles are very elastic blood vessels.

A

False

131
Q

Capillaries have multiple layers of smooth muscle in their walls.

A

False

132
Q

Sinusoids are a type of modified capillary.

A

True

133
Q

What causes a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure

A

Decreased plasma proteins
Increased interstitial proteins

134
Q

Filtration is the movement of fluid into a capillary. Answer: False

A
135
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure is higher in the interstitial fluid than in the plasma. Answer: False

A
136
Q

The lymphatic system helps to return filtered fluid to the circulatory system. Answer: True

A
137
Q

During filtration

A

hydrostatic pressure is lower than colloid osmotic pressure. Answer: False

138
Q

Venules are the smallest veins in the body. Answer: True

A
139
Q

Veins have thicker walls than arteries. Answer: False

A
140
Q

Veins hold less blood than arteries. Answer: False

A
141
Q

The lymphatic system is only involved in immunity. Answer: False

A
142
Q

Lymph nodes filter lymph and trap foreign particles. Answer: True

A
143
Q

Oedema is always caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system. Answer: False

A
144
Q

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure can lead to oedema. Answer: True

A
145
Q

Decreased plasma protein concentration can reduce oedema. Answer: False

A
146
Q

Arteries are responsible for the exchange of materials between blood and tissues. Answer: False

A
147
Q

Venules play a significant role in regulating blood pressure. Answer: False

A
148
Q

The lymphatic system helps absorb fats from the digestive system. Answer: True

A
149
Q

Increased interstitial protein concentration can worsen oedema. Answer: True

A
150
Q

Decreased colloid osmotic pressure can contribute to oedema. Answer: True. The circulatory system and lymphatic system work independently of each other. Answer: False

A
151
Q

Which blood vessels have higher pressure

A

Blood vessels further away from the heart

152
Q

Why does blood want to flow from aorta all the way to vena cavae

A

Because blood wants to go from high pressure in aorta too low pressure in vena cavae

153
Q

What is driving pressure

A

The pressure created by heart contraction

154
Q

What does driving pressure do

A

It allows for blood to flow through entire system

155
Q

What causes resistance if blood for

A

As blood flows through blood vessels, it rubs up against the sides of blood vessels walk thus causing friction thus leading to resistance

156
Q

Flow formula

A

Flow = 🔼P (pressure gradient)/ resistance

157
Q

What are arteries known as

A

Pressure reservoir

158
Q

Why are elastic systemic arteries known as pressure reservoir

A

Because they store pressure from contracted ventricles in their walls

159
Q

Elastic systemic arteries are importantly for ________ blood flow during ventricular _________

A

Maintaining
Relaxation

160
Q

What are arteries known as and why

A

Site of variable resistance because they can alter the diameter of the blood vessels

161
Q

How do Arteriole control blood flow

A

They decrease diameter (to to increase pressure, which increases resistance and decreases flow)

The increased diameter (to decrease pressure, which decreases resistance and increases flow)

162
Q

Why are veins known as volume reservoir

A

Because at any given time more than 50% off blood is in the veins

163
Q

Which blood vessels have adjustable screws

A

Arteriole to alter semester

164
Q

How are veins able to store blood

A

They are elastic so they stretch to store blood

165
Q

How is blood pressure maintain in cardiovascular system

A

Muscle tone influenced by neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrine factors

166
Q

How is blood pressure maintain in cardiovascular system

A

Muscle tone influenced by neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrine factors

167
Q

What do arteries have that allowed them to store pressure

A

Elastic tissue

168
Q

Which muscles vary the diameter of arteries to control blood flow

A

Smooth muscle

169
Q

Which muscles vary the diameter of arteries to control blood flow

A

Smooth muscle

170
Q

Capillaries only have which layer

A

Endothelium

171
Q

The walls are not as thick as that of arteries however they have a ___________ diameter

A

Larger for storage

172
Q

What acts as bypass channels between Arteriole and Venules

A

Meta Arterioles

173
Q

Which area of microcirculation doesn’t have capillaries network and is a direct connection from Arterioles and Venules

A

Arteriovenous bypass

174
Q

How do white blood cells get through capillaries

A

Metarterioles

175
Q

When ____________ __________ are relaxed, blood flows through all capillaries need

A

Precapillary sphincters

176
Q

When _________ ________ are constricted, blood flow bypasses capillaries completely and flow through metarterioles

A

Precapillary sphincters

177
Q

Precapillary sphincters can close of capillaries in response to _______ _____

A

Local signals

178
Q

Which ring of muscles during the entrance of the capillaries

A

Precapillary sphincters

179
Q

Which capillaries have incomplete basement membrane

A

Sinusoidal

180
Q

What is the endothelial layer of the capillaries called

A

Tunica intima

181
Q

What is the endothelial layer of the capillaries called

A

Tunica intima

182
Q

What happens when vesicles fuse together

A

They form gaps through the cell: create temporary channels, thats how some Fenestrated capillaries form

183
Q

What happens during transcytosis

A

Vesicles is engulfed in one side of the capillary membrane and released on the other side

184
Q

What causes hydrostatic pressure

A

Contraction of ventricles

185
Q

What is filtration pressure

A

The difference between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

186
Q

How much fluid per day is absorbed by the lymph vessels

A

3 litres

187
Q

How much fluid per day is absorbed by the lymph vessels

A

3 litres

188
Q

Where do the lymph vessels return the excess water and solutes to

A

Back into the circulation

189
Q

How are valves specialise to prevent back flow

A

The valves are tilted upwards, they can only open in one upwards direction

190
Q

Veins lie close to which muscles

A

Skeletal muscle

191
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump

A

When the skeletal muscles compress the veins forcing blood towards the heart as you move

192
Q

How do veins return blood back to the heart

A

Skeletal muscle pump, veins are low pressure vessels hence they need the skeletal muscle pump to push blood from lower part of body to heat

193
Q

What does inactivity lead to

A

Odema, there is limited movement , the skeletal pump does not occur these blood pooling lower parts of body

194
Q

Ventricular relaxation

A
  1. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
  2. Semilunar valves shuts, preventing blood flow back into the ventricle
  3. Elastic recoil of arteries sends blood forward into rest of circulatory system
195
Q

Hot arteries act as pressure reservoir
Ventricular contraction

A
  1. Ventricles contract
  2. Semilunar valves open. Blood ejected from ventricles flow into arteries
  3. Aorta and arteries expands and store pressure in elastic walls of arteries

F2 (7 decks)

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