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F2 > The Composition of the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

The Composition of the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

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2
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma
Blood cells

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3
Q

What is the definition of the cardiovascular system?

A

A series of tubes (blood vessels) filled with fluid (blood) and connected to a pump (the heart)

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4
Q

How does blood flow through the cardiovascular system?

A

In a one-way circuit propelled by pressure generated by the heart

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5
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Transport
  • Thermoregulation
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6
Q

What does the cardiovascular system transport?

A

Nutrients ,gases, water
Hormones
Immune cells
Metabolic waste

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7
Q

What are the main types of blood vessels?

A

Artery
Vein
Capillaries (Arteriole & Venule)

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8
Q

What is the function of a vein?

A

Carries blood towards the heart

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9
Q

What type of blood do veins generally carry? What is the exception to this?

A

Deoxygenated blood
Exception: the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood

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10
Q

How is one-way blood flow ensured in veins?

A

A system of valves

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11
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

Carries blood away from the heart

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12
Q

What type of blood do arteries generally carry? What is the exception to this?

A

Oxygenated blood
Exception: the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood

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13
Q

What type of organ is the heart?

A

Muscular organ

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14
Q

What separates the two halves of the heart?

A

A septum

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15
Q

How does each half of the heart function?

A

Each half functions as an independent pump

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16
Q

What is the function of the atrium?

A

Receives blood returning to the heart

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17
Q

What is the function of the ventricle?

A

Pumps blood from the heart

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18
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary vein?

A

Left atrium

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19
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Lungs
  • Pulmonary vein
  • Left atrium
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20
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta?

A

Left ventricle

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20
Q

Describe systemic circulation

A
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Aorta
  • Body
  • Venae cavae
  • Right atrium
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21
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary artery?

A

Right ventricle

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22
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the vena cava?

A

Right atrium

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23
Q

What is the size of a heart

A

Size of a fist

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24
Q

What are five anatomical features of the heart?

A

Muscular organ
size of a fist
lies in the center of the thoracic cavity
base of heart lies below the sternum
apex pointed down and to the left, supplied by coronary arteries and coronary veins

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25
Q

What supplies the heart muscle

A

Coronary arteries
Coronary veins

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26
Q

Where is the apex of the heart in relation to the base?

A

Pointed down and to the left

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27
Q

Which bone is anterior to the heart?

A

Sternum

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28
Q

Which muscle is inferior to the heart?

A

Diaphragm

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29
Q

What is the function of heart valves?

A

Prevent back flow of blood

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30
Q

Where are atrioventricular valves located?

A

Between the atria and ventricles

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31
Q

Where are semilunar valves located?

A

Between the ventricles and arteries

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32
Q

What surrounds heart valves?

A

Fibrous connective tissue rings

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33
Q

What are two functions of the fibrous connective tissue rings that surround heart valves?

A
  • Origin and insertion for cardiac muscle
  • Electrical insulator
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34
Q

What structures are atrioventricular valves connected to on the ventricular side?

A

Collagenous tendons (chordae tendineae)

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35
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

Prevent flaps from entering atria

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36
Q

What is the function of papillary muscles?

A

Provide stability

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37
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

Right side of the heart, between the right atrium and right ventricle

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38
Q

How many flaps make up the tricuspid valve?

A

3 (three) flaps

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39
Q

Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located?

A

Left side of the heart, between the left atrium and left ventricle

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40
Q

How many flaps make up the bicuspid valve?

A

2 (two) flaps

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41
Q

When the ventricles contract, are the chordae tendineae tense or relaxed?

A

Tense

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42
Q

When the ventricles relax, are the chordae tendineae tense or relaxed?

A

Relaxed

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43
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta

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44
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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45
Q

What structure prevents the cusps of the AV valves from entering the atria?

A

Chordae tendineae

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46
Q

Which valves are opening during ventricular contraction

A

Semilunar valves

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47
Q

Do cardiac muscles have visible striations?

A

Yes

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48
Q

Are cardiac muscles involuntary?

A

Yes

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49
Q

What is the shape of a cardiac muscle cell?

A

Branching

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50
Q

How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells have?

A

Single nucleus

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51
Q

What percentage of the heart is made up of cardiac muscle?

A

The bulk of the heart

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52
Q

What percentage of cardiac muscle cells are contractile cells? What is their function?

A

99%, contractile cells responsible for contraction of the heart

53
Q

What percentage of a cardiac muscle cell’s volume is made up of mitochondria?

A

1/3 cell contains mitochondria

54
Q

What is a unique feature of cardiac muscle contractions?

A

Graded contractions - can vary the force of muscle contraction

55
Q

What percentage of cardiac muscle cells are specialized cells that generate action potentials? What are two other names for these cells?

A

1%
- Autorhythmic cells
- Pacemaker cells

56
Q

Why are autorhythmic cells important for heart function?

A

Allow contraction of the heart without outside input. Automatically Generates action potentials

57
Q

Do autorhythmic cells contribute to the contractile potential of the heart?

A

No, they are smaller and do not contribute to the contractile potential

58
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Strong connections between cardiac muscle cells that contain desmosomes and gap junctions

59
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Strong connections between cells

60
Q

What are gap junctions? What are their functions?

A

Electrically connect cardiac muscle cells; allow the depolarization wave to spread rapidly, resulting in simultaneous muscle cell contraction

61
Q

What are the three components of the electrical conducting system of the heart?

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) nod
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
  • Purkinje fibers
62
Q

What is another name for funny channels?

A

If channels

63
Q

What occurs during the pacemaker potential in autorhythmic cells?

A

Funny channels open spontaneously at -60mV, allowing Na+ influx and slow depolarization

64
Q

When do funny channels close during an action potential in an autorhythmic cell?

A

When transient Ca2+ channels open

65
Q

When do transient Ca2+ channels open during an action potential in an autorhythmic cell?

A

After funny channels close

66
Q

What is the threshold potential for autorhythmic cells?

A

-40mV

67
Q

What happens when the threshold potential is reached in an autorhythmic cell?

A

Transient Ca2+ channels close, long-lasting Ca2+ channels open, allowing for rapid Ca2+ influx and rapid depolarization

68
Q

What happens after rapid depolarization in an autorhythmic cell?

A

Long-lasting Ca2+ channels close, K+ channels open, resulting in rapid K+ efflux and rapid repolarization to -60mV

69
Q

What happens after repolarization to -60mV in an autorhythmic cell?

A

Funny channels spontaneously open, and the cycle begins again

70
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of contractile cells?

A

-90mV

71
Q

What causes rapid depolarization (phase 0) in contractile cells?

A

Stimuli from autorrhymic cells cause opening of Na+ channels, resulting in rapid Na+ influx

72
Q

What happens at the peak of depolarization in a contractile cell?

A

Na+ channels close
Transient K+ channels open
K+ efflux

73
Q

What causes initial repolarization (phase 1) in contractile cells?

A

At the peak of depolarization, Na+ channels close and transient K+ channels open, resulting in K+ efflux and slight repolarization

74
Q

What happens during the plateau phase (phase 2) in contractile cells?

A

Transient K+ channels close, slow K+ channels and Ca2+ channels open. The simultaneous K+ efflux and Ca2+ influx result in no change in membrane potential for about 200 ms

75
Q

What happens during rapid repolarization (phase 3) in contractile cells?

A

Ca2+ channels close, while K+ channels remain open, resulting in rapid K+ efflux and rapid repolarization

76
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Time after an action potential when a normal stimulus cannot trigger a second action potential

77
Q

Which phase of the contractile cell action potential extends the refractory period?

A

Phase 2

78
Q

When does the refractory period end in contractile cells?

A

At the same time as the contraction

79
Q

Why is the refractory period important for heart function?

A

Ensures the ventricles fill with blood before the next contraction and prevents tetanus

80
Q

What are the 6 components of the electrical system of the heart?

A
  • SA node
  • Internodal pathways
  • AV node
  • AV bundle
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibers
81
Q

What are the two types of cardiac muscle action potentials?

A

Autorhythmic cells (pacemaker), contractile cells

82
Q

What is a key feature of the autorhythmic cell action potential?

A

Pacemaker potential

83
Q

What is a key feature of the contractile cell action potential?

A

Refractory period

84
Q

What does the cardiovascular system ensure in terms of blood

A

It ensures that blood flows in a one way circuit

85
Q

What propels blood through the entire circulatory system

A

Pressure generated by heart

86
Q

How does the cardiovascular system regulate temperature on a cold day

A

Vasoconstriction : the cardiovascular system constricts blood vessel that go to the surface of the skin, thus preventing heat loss from body. More blood remains in core

87
Q

How does the cardiovascular system regulate temperature on a hot day

A

Vasodilation: the cardiovascular system dilated blood vessels that go to the surface of the skin, thus losing heat through radiation

88
Q

Do atria receive or pumps blood

A

Receive blood returning back to the heart

89
Q

Do ventricles receive or pump blood

A

Ventricles pump blood away form the heart

90
Q

Where does blood become oxygenated

A

In the lungs (pulmonary circulation)

91
Q

Where does blood become deoxygenated

A

The body (systemic circulation)

92
Q

Which membranous sac incases the heart

A

Pericardium

93
Q

What is the outermost layer of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

94
Q

What is the second layer of the pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

95
Q

What is the innermost layer of the pericardium

A

Epicardium (first layer of the heat muscle)

96
Q

What is found between the epicardium and the parietal pericardium

A

Pericardial space

97
Q

What is contained within the pericardial space

A

Pericardial fluid

98
Q

What is the function of the pericardial fluid

A

It lubricates the heart as it pumps in the chest

99
Q

What is the function of the pericardial fluid

A

It lubricates the heart as it pumps in the chest

100
Q

Describe how the chordae tendineae doing ventricular contraction

A
  • The artrioventricular valves are connected to the chordae tendineae which is connected to the papillary muscles that are attached to the ventricles.
  • So which ventricles contract, so do the papillary muscles this causes chordae tendineae to tense and preventing flaps of AV valve from opening up into the atria. (Keeps flap in ventricle)
  • Blood can’t go back into atria but if travels into arteries
101
Q

Describe how the chordae tendineae doing ventricular relaxation

A

The artrioventricular valves are connected to the chordae tendineae which is connected to the papillary muscles that are attached to the ventricles.
- So which ventricles relax, so do the papillary muscles this causes chordae tendineae to relax and flaps of AV valve open into the ventricle
- Blood travels from atria into the ventricle

102
Q

Explain the semilunar valves during ventricular contraction

A

They are open to allow blood to go from ventricles into the arteries then to body (systemic) or the lungs (pulmonary)

103
Q

Explain the semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation

A
  • They are closed to prevent blood from going from arteries back into the heart.
  • This allows blood to only go from atria to ventricles
104
Q

Why do the contractile muscles contain a lot of mitochondria

A

To prevent fatigue of the contractile cells as they contract through or our entire lives

105
Q

How are cardiac muscles cells connected to one another

A

There are connected by intercalated discs that connect desmosomes and gap junctions

106
Q

What allows depolarisation waves to spread rapidly

A

Gap junctions

107
Q

What is the function of desmosomes

A

allow force created in one cell to be transferred to an adjacent cell

108
Q

What is the function of desmosomes

A

allow force created in one cell to be transferred to an adjacent cell

109
Q

What allows the cardiac cells to contract as one as one single forceful contraction

A

Desmosomes

110
Q

What stimulates a simultaneous contraction of cardiac muscle cells

A

Gap junctions

111
Q

What sets the pace of the heart rate

A

Sinoatrial node (SA)

112
Q

What slows down the electrical signal

A

AV NODE

113
Q

What slows down the electrical signal

A

AV NODE

114
Q

Why is it important for the AV node to slow down the signal

A

It ensures that the atria contract first before the signal spreads across the ventricles and they contract.

Blood will leave the atria and then the into ventricles then arteries

115
Q

How does signal spread across the rest of the ventricles from the left and right bundle

A

The Purkinje fibers

116
Q

What is pacemaker potential

A

Potential where funny channels spontaneously open and slow depolarisation occurs

117
Q

What do autorrhymic cells have instead of a resting membrane potential

A

Pacemaker potential

118
Q

What stimulates contractile cells to fire their action potentials

A

Once autorrhythmic cells have fired their action potential, they stimulate contractile cells to fire their action potentials thus leading to the contraction of contractile cells thus contraction of the heart

119
Q

Which phase of the action potentials in contractile cells is the resting membrane potential

A

Phase 4 (-90mV)

120
Q

What stimulates the contractile cells to start depolarisation

A

Autorythmic cells

121
Q

Why is phase 2 of action potentials in contractile cells important

A
122
Q

Which phase extends length of action potential in contractile cells

A

Phase 2

123
Q

What does depolarisation trigger

A

Muscle contraction

124
Q

What does repolarisation trigger

A

Muscle relaxation

125
Q

What does the long action potential of contractile cells prevent

A

Prevent tetanus from occurring

126
Q

What is tetanus

A

When muscles are in a long state of contraction and can’t relax

127
Q

What is tetanus

A

When muscles are in a long state of contraction and can’t relax

128
Q

Refractory period and the contraction ends __________

A

Simultaneously

129
Q

What does the refractory period prevent

A

Prevent tetanus

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