Unknown Flashcards
What are in the osteocytes
what does these contain
where do they continue
Osteocytes are in lacunae which are surrounded by bone matrix - which have cytoplasmic processes which continue into the tiny canals (canaliculi)
What is the ligaments of elbows , knee , intervebrtal
The elbow has collateral ligament
Knee Joint has collateral ligament and cruciate ligament
Intervebtral has longitudinal ligaments
what are the porportions of of chains in the myosin
what do they do
Head proportions of each myosin forms 2 light chain
2 light chain
1 alkali chain
1 regulatory chain
Stabilise myosin head and regulate light chain ATP phosphorylate by kinase
what does high affinity Ca binding do
What does Ca modulate
High affinity of binding Troponin C and thin filament
Ca2+ modulate contract via regulatory protein rather than interacting directly with contractile proteins
The neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system
ACh + NO produce rapid growth
vasoactive intestinal peptide produce a slow delay
the neurotransmitters for sympathetic nervous system
ATP produce fast contraction of the smooth muscle
NorAd produces fast response
Neuropeptide Y produces slow reponse
frequency of action potential generated
Wave summation - increases but still unconnected
unfused tetanus - increase but more connected
fused tetanus - one continuous increase
Abdominus rectus movement while going froms sitting to standing
Abdominus rectus contract
Extrafusal shortens afferent relay information to the motorneuron in the spinal cord
activate a motorneurons causing muscle to relax
y motorneuron is active
stretch myotatic
Stretch myotatic - muscle stretched
la afferent fire
a muscle relay to the sensory part
a motorneuron induces contraction
it goes back to the resting length and decrease in firing frequency group la
Golgi Tendon
Golgi tendon - muscle contracts
extrafusal fibre shorter and stimulate golgi tendon
Ib start firing and send information to inhibitory interneuron on a motorneuron
it goes back to resting length and decrease in firing frequency Ib
sygnerist relax and the anatgonist contract
Flexion withdrawl
Flexion Withdrawl - stimuli flexors are contracted and extensors are relax on same side
opposite flexors relax and extensor contracted
right allow posture and left moves away from the pain
Smooth muscle how it causes cross bridge cycle
Rise Ca2+ which bind to calmodulin
Ca2+ + calmodulin complex activated MLCK
MLC is phosphorylated on the myosin head
Cocks and increases ATPase interact in cross bridge cycle
Arterial and other smooth muscle
neurotranmitters and type nervous system
Arterial - sympathetic innervation norAdr
Other smooth - sympathetic and parasympathetic with ACh
what is pharmochemical coupling
Pharmochemical coupling - agent causes smooth muscle tone without change in membrane potential
intra second messenger to relax and contract
IP3 , cGMP , cAMP
Electrochemical coupling
Electrochemical coupling - opening plasma membrane voltage L type Ca2+ channels in response depolarisation with or without action potential
What is the system for relax
through NO and Ca
NO -> Guanylate Cyclase (GTP -> cGMP) -> PKG -> Relax
Ca -> Ca calmodulin -> ENos (L arginine + O2 -> NO + citrulline)
Alkonitaous plaque
Alkoniatous plaque the NLC opens the left and rightward veins so equal blood even with a block
what is Ca channel blocker act as what
Ca Channel blocker act at L type calcium channel on vascular on smooth muscle but also L type calcium channels cardiac myocytes
what is pacemaker potential
how does the Action potential spread through
- to trigger what
An autorthymtic cell membrane slow drift to threshold which is known as the pacemaker potential
Initiate APs which then spread through the heart to trigger contraction without nerve stimulation
where does the AV travel
what does it allow
what does gap junctions do
AV - goes to the atrial and bundle of his and therefore ventricules
this allows time for blood to move to the ventricles from the atria
Neighbouring cardiac muscle presence in the gap junction
allow rapid spread action potential