Unknown Flashcards
What are in the osteocytes
what does these contain
where do they continue
Osteocytes are in lacunae which are surrounded by bone matrix - which have cytoplasmic processes which continue into the tiny canals (canaliculi)
What is the ligaments of elbows , knee , intervebrtal
The elbow has collateral ligament
Knee Joint has collateral ligament and cruciate ligament
Intervebtral has longitudinal ligaments
what are the porportions of of chains in the myosin
what do they do
Head proportions of each myosin forms 2 light chain
2 light chain
1 alkali chain
1 regulatory chain
Stabilise myosin head and regulate light chain ATP phosphorylate by kinase
what does high affinity Ca binding do
What does Ca modulate
High affinity of binding Troponin C and thin filament
Ca2+ modulate contract via regulatory protein rather than interacting directly with contractile proteins
The neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system
ACh + NO produce rapid growth
vasoactive intestinal peptide produce a slow delay
the neurotransmitters for sympathetic nervous system
ATP produce fast contraction of the smooth muscle
NorAd produces fast response
Neuropeptide Y produces slow reponse
frequency of action potential generated
Wave summation - increases but still unconnected
unfused tetanus - increase but more connected
fused tetanus - one continuous increase
Abdominus rectus movement while going froms sitting to standing
Abdominus rectus contract
Extrafusal shortens afferent relay information to the motorneuron in the spinal cord
activate a motorneurons causing muscle to relax
y motorneuron is active
stretch myotatic
Stretch myotatic - muscle stretched
la afferent fire
a muscle relay to the sensory part
a motorneuron induces contraction
it goes back to the resting length and decrease in firing frequency group la
Golgi Tendon
Golgi tendon - muscle contracts
extrafusal fibre shorter and stimulate golgi tendon
Ib start firing and send information to inhibitory interneuron on a motorneuron
it goes back to resting length and decrease in firing frequency Ib
sygnerist relax and the anatgonist contract
Flexion withdrawl
Flexion Withdrawl - stimuli flexors are contracted and extensors are relax on same side
opposite flexors relax and extensor contracted
right allow posture and left moves away from the pain
Smooth muscle how it causes cross bridge cycle
Rise Ca2+ which bind to calmodulin
Ca2+ + calmodulin complex activated MLCK
MLC is phosphorylated on the myosin head
Cocks and increases ATPase interact in cross bridge cycle
Arterial and other smooth muscle
neurotranmitters and type nervous system
Arterial - sympathetic innervation norAdr
Other smooth - sympathetic and parasympathetic with ACh
what is pharmochemical coupling
Pharmochemical coupling - agent causes smooth muscle tone without change in membrane potential
intra second messenger to relax and contract
IP3 , cGMP , cAMP
Electrochemical coupling
Electrochemical coupling - opening plasma membrane voltage L type Ca2+ channels in response depolarisation with or without action potential
What is the system for relax
through NO and Ca
NO -> Guanylate Cyclase (GTP -> cGMP) -> PKG -> Relax
Ca -> Ca calmodulin -> ENos (L arginine + O2 -> NO + citrulline)
Alkonitaous plaque
Alkoniatous plaque the NLC opens the left and rightward veins so equal blood even with a block
what is Ca channel blocker act as what
Ca Channel blocker act at L type calcium channel on vascular on smooth muscle but also L type calcium channels cardiac myocytes
what is pacemaker potential
how does the Action potential spread through
- to trigger what
An autorthymtic cell membrane slow drift to threshold which is known as the pacemaker potential
Initiate APs which then spread through the heart to trigger contraction without nerve stimulation
where does the AV travel
what does it allow
what does gap junctions do
AV - goes to the atrial and bundle of his and therefore ventricules
this allows time for blood to move to the ventricles from the atria
Neighbouring cardiac muscle presence in the gap junction
allow rapid spread action potential
two factors for Strength Cardiac
the initial length depends on EDV
Sympathetic stimulation
How does EDV cause increase in stroke volume
EDV increases which causes the heart to stretch
this causes the initial cardiac fibre length
this increases length greater force of contraction
This causes increase in stroke volume
Two factors reponsible
Two factors responsible myogenic and sympathetic
Tonic activity is possible with increases and decrease contractile activity
What is tachycardia and bradycardia
Tachycardia - increase activity sympathetic and increase heart rate
Bradycardia - increase activity parasympathetic and decrease heart rate
what is chronotpric effect
Chronotropic effect is autonomic nervous affect change in slope causes the pacemaker potential
factors causing parasymapethic decrease HR
Parasympathetic and decrease heart rate
Hyperpolarization SA node
decrease depolarisation
increase ACh K+ G protein coupled
What does Symapethic HR do
Sympathetic HR pacemaker tissue
speed up depolarisation threshold rapidly
NorAd Lf and T type channels
RAAS
Salt excretion by RAAS
antidiuretic hormone
atrial nautiruic peptide
what does RAAS cause
decrease effective circulatory volume
increase sympathetic
decrease NaCl concentration
What does anigtoensin II do
Angiotensin II - Aldosterone , vasoconstriction and thirst
ACEii ARB and CCb
Embryonic
Embryonic - primordial lung develops as buds extend outwards from the fetal foregut (26 days - 6 weeks)
Pseuodglandaulr
Pseudoglandular - branching airway and vascular duct system
fluid secretion into the airways creates a distending pressure which gives mechanical support for the growth of the airway in 3D
develop outcome is the formation of conducting airways and blood vessels together known as respiratory tree
What is the chloride movement
Chloride gradient drives fluid movement into the airway lumen giving mechanical support 3D
Cl - accumulates against its electrochemical gradient
what is canalicular
Canalicular - extensive angiogenesis mesenchyme surrounds more distal reaches and form of dense capillary network
airways diameter increases decreases epithelial thickness to a more cubodial structure
epithelial cells differentiate begins
Form respiratory acini around which alveoli will develop
differentiation to mesenchyme progresses down the developing respiratory tree giving rise to chondrocytes fibroblasts and myoblasts
what is saccular
Saccular - branching and growth terminal sacs or primitive alveolar ducts
thinning of stroma brings capillaries into apposition
pneumocyte differentiation Type I pneumocytes differentiate from cells with a type II like phenotype
blood gas barrier is formed
alveolar
Alveolar - decrease in the proportion of parenchyma to total lung volume
Na driven fluid absorption from lung lumen maintains thin film of liquid surface airways
pulmonary circulation becomes fully established as the umbilical cord
First breath
ENaC - selective Ion channel
maternal cortisol increases
crosses into fetal circulation and indcues ENaC subunit gene expression
Rise adrenaline croses fluid rapidly cleared from the fetal lung in preparation for first breath
CO2 release from tissue
CO2 release from tissue - CO2 dissolves
Low tissues O2 favours CO2 carriage by blood
Carbamate reaction reduces HbO2 affinity
Carbonic anhydrase -> carbonic acid HCO3 Channel
Increase red cells reduce HbO2 affinity ab Hb interaction
CO2 release from Red Cell
CO2 release - dissolves into plasma and red blood
high affinity Hb O2 Hb carbamate raising availability of higha affinity Hb
CO2 diffuses into aveolaous High PO2 decrease CO2 affinity Hb
Movement CO2 out of red cell increases HCO3- uptake
Proton release Hb and increase HCO3- CO2 lowering bicarbonate
Alveolar PO2 calculation
Alveolar PO2 = Inspired PO2 (760 - 47) - arterial pCO2 (inspired PO2 + 1 - inspired PO2 / respiratory quotient)
analysis of alveolar PO2 calculation
Calculation of alveolar PO2 affected by atmospheric PO2 and arterial carbon dioxide
PO2 and arterial carbon dioxide
Arterial PCO2 increases so alveolar PO2 decreases
RQ increases alveolar PO2 icnrease
poor and good ventialtion
Poor ventilation and large blood flow - reduce perfusion hypoxia and constricts pulmonary arterioles
Good ventilation and poor blood flow - reduce ventilation and low CO2 constricts bronchioles
what is pulmonary compliance produced by
Pulmonary compliance produced by elastin connective fibres and alveolar surface tension
Surface tension in an alveolous
surface tension resists stretch , tends to become smaller and tends to recoil after stretch and contributes to elastic recoil pressure
pulmonary surfactant
Composed DPPC packed around surfactant protiens
Secreted by Type II alveolar epithelial cells
reduces surface tension in aveoli
Prevents collapse of alveoli during lung expansion and contraction
effect on surface tension varies with alveolar surface area
reduces pressure requires to inflate lungs
law of laplace calculation analysis
as r falls, surfactant molecules crowded together, surface tension reduced. Smaller alveolus stabilised. Effect of surfactant on stability of alveoli
Alveoli also stabilised by mechanical interactions between neighbouring alveoli. Prevent alveolar collapse
Asthma and resistance
Convective gas flow in lungs much less efficient
Gas flow slows to the molecular diffusion rate in the upper airway resulting in poor gas exchange in the respiratory acinus
Gas fails to penetrate to distal regions of respiratory zone causing alveolar pCO2to rise
Lung ceases to oxygenate Hb efficiently due to
Reversal of proper alveolar
overcome inspriation and expiration
inspiration require overcome elastic compotent and surface tension
expiration and overcome airway and tissue resistance
what is chemoreceptive inputs
Chemo-receptive inputs monitor plasma and cerebral spinal fluid composition to maintainventilatory homeostasis
Dorsal Respiratory Group
DRG - inspiratory control , NTS and is dorsal to VRG
site of information input, central chemoreceptors inpurt and premotor neuorns
what is rostral , intermediate and caudal
Rostral - expiration control (botzinger)
Intermedite - inspiration control mediated respiratory pattern generator
caudal - expiration control
cranil motorneuorns and controllong what
cranial motor neurones are important for opening/closing glottis, affecting upper airway diameter, flaring nostrils
motorneurones controlling direct muscles of inspiration & expiration are therefore not the only ones active during breathing
