Musculoskeletal Anatomy

Question 1

What is an axial skeleton

Answer 1

the axis of the skeleton
skull vertebrae ribs and sternum

Question 2

what is the appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

appendages including the upper and lower limbs

Question 3

what are the three parts of the bone

Answer 3

Diaphysis (shaft)
Epiphysis (area between epiphysis and diaphysis)
Metaphysis (winder upper and lower ends)

Question 4

What are the two layers of bone
what is their structure

Answer 4

compact bone - outer surronds marrow cavity
Cancellous or trabecular bone - inner consists of meshwork of thin bony struts

Question 5

What is the osteon
consists of
central

Answer 5

consists of concentric layers of bone with a central haverisan canal

Question 6

what is the haversain canal

Answer 6

contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 7

what is the lacunae

Answer 7

is between the lamellae are tiny spaces
within weah lacuna is an oseocyte a living bone

Question 8

What is the bone matric

Answer 8

Osteocytes in their lacunae are surronded by a bone matrix
have cytoplasmic processes which extend from their cell bodies and are contained in tiny canals

Question 9

what are the cytoplasmic processes in contact with

Answer 9

These processes are incontact with the processesof neighbouring osteocytes

Question 10

what do the cytoplasmic processes allow

Answer 10

enables nutirents and oxygen to pass from the central vessels in the haverisan canal all the way to the osetocytes in the outermost concentric lamella

Question 11

what are the stages for fature healing step 1

Answer 11

1. when the bone breaks your bone bleeds and this forms a hametomama (capable of growing new cartilage and bone)

Question 12

what are the stages for fature healing step 2

Answer 12

these cells set to work a callus across the fracture to keep it together
more cartilage than bone then it starts to fill with bone

Question 13

what are the stages for fature healing step 3

Answer 13

the bone will start remodelling over months and will change due to the stresses allowing bone to take shape

Question 14

what are the compoentents of the upper limb

Answer 14

pectoral girdle - scoula and clavicle
arm - humerus
frearm - radius and ulna
hand - bones of the hand

Question 15

what are the compotents of the lower limb

Answer 15

pelvic girlde - pelvic bone
thigh - femur
leg - tibia and fibula
foot - bones of the foot

Question 16

Which muscle types are volunatary or involunatry

Answer 16

Skeketal is voluntary
cardiac and smooth are involuntary

Question 17

What is fuisform

Answer 17

one round thick belly tapered at the end by two tendons

Question 18

what is flat sheet

Answer 18

come togther with a aponeerosis

Question 19

what is the difference between unipennate and bipennate

Answer 19

unipennate attach on one side bipennate attach on both sides

Question 20

what is multiple pennate

Answer 20

is more indendpent tenon all the facile attach to come togther to a central tendon

Question 21

what are tenonds and ligaments composed of

Answer 21

dense connective tissue with a high collagent content

Question 22

what is a tendon

Answer 22

found between bone and muscle
tendons tranfer force between these two structures in order to generate movement

Question 23

What is a ligament

Answer 23

found between bone
generally stiff inelastic structures that stabilise joints by limiting movement in specific directions

Question 24

Image of tendon

Answer 24

nucleo of fibroblasts are scatted
linear arrnagement for different types

Question 25

What type of joint is the elbow
how does it move
what prevents movement

Answer 25

synovial hinge joint
flex and extend
ligaments of medial and lateral side

Question 26

Why does the knee joint not fit
what does this cause
what causes support

Answer 26

because of the shape of inferior end of the femur and superior tibia
do not give stability
ligaments help with that

Question 27

What are the intervetral joints like

Answer 27

unlike other ligaments which are largely stiff inelastic structures the ligmetum flavum has a high content of elastin fibres