Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards
What is an axial skeleton
the axis of the skeleton
skull vertebrae ribs and sternum
what is the appendicular skeleton
appendages including the upper and lower limbs
what are the three parts of the bone
Diaphysis (shaft)
Epiphysis (area between epiphysis and diaphysis)
Metaphysis (winder upper and lower ends)
What are the two layers of bone
what is their structure
compact bone - outer surronds marrow cavity
Cancellous or trabecular bone - inner consists of meshwork of thin bony struts
What is the osteon
consists of
central
consists of concentric layers of bone with a central haverisan canal
what is the haversain canal
contains blood vessels and nerves
what is the lacunae
is between the lamellae are tiny spaces
within weah lacuna is an oseocyte a living bone
What is the bone matric
Osteocytes in their lacunae are surronded by a bone matrix
have cytoplasmic processes which extend from their cell bodies and are contained in tiny canals
what are the cytoplasmic processes in contact with
These processes are incontact with the processesof neighbouring osteocytes
what do the cytoplasmic processes allow
enables nutirents and oxygen to pass from the central vessels in the haverisan canal all the way to the osetocytes in the outermost concentric lamella
what are the stages for fature healing step 1
- when the bone breaks your bone bleeds and this forms a hametomama (capable of growing new cartilage and bone)
what are the stages for fature healing step 2
these cells set to work a callus across the fracture to keep it together
more cartilage than bone then it starts to fill with bone
what are the stages for fature healing step 3
the bone will start remodelling over months and will change due to the stresses allowing bone to take shape
what are the compoentents of the upper limb
pectoral girdle - scoula and clavicle
arm - humerus
frearm - radius and ulna
hand - bones of the hand
what are the compotents of the lower limb
pelvic girlde - pelvic bone
thigh - femur
leg - tibia and fibula
foot - bones of the foot
Which muscle types are volunatary or involunatry
Skeketal is voluntary
cardiac and smooth are involuntary
What is fuisform
one round thick belly tapered at the end by two tendons
what is flat sheet
come togther with a aponeerosis
what is the difference between unipennate and bipennate
unipennate attach on one side bipennate attach on both sides
what is multiple pennate
is more indendpent tenon all the facile attach to come togther to a central tendon
what are tenonds and ligaments composed of
dense connective tissue with a high collagent content
what is a tendon
found between bone and muscle
tendons tranfer force between these two structures in order to generate movement
What is a ligament
found between bone
generally stiff inelastic structures that stabilise joints by limiting movement in specific directions
Image of tendon
nucleo of fibroblasts are scatted
linear arrnagement for different types
What type of joint is the elbow
how does it move
what prevents movement
synovial hinge joint
flex and extend
ligaments of medial and lateral side
Why does the knee joint not fit
what does this cause
what causes support
because of the shape of inferior end of the femur and superior tibia
do not give stability
ligaments help with that
What are the intervetral joints like
unlike other ligaments which are largely stiff inelastic structures the ligmetum flavum has a high content of elastin fibres
