Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BS22001 Human Physiology and Pharmacology > Hard :( > Flashcards

Hard :( Flashcards

1
Q

what is ganglia

A

Ganglia is where axon meets another axon
this is where there is a collection of dendrites and allow collection of synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is endogenous

A

Sometimes the neurotransmitter is the ANS is not caused by classic neurotransmitters but is caused by non adrengeric and non cholinergic transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Electrical stimulation of post ganagolic parasymapethic fibre to vessel

A

Acetylcholine and Nictonic oxide produce rapid relaxation
Vasoactive intestinal peptide can produce a slow delayed reponse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Electrical stimulation of post ganagolic symapethic fibre to vessel

A

ATP produce as a fast contraction in smooth muscle
Noradrenaline produces a moderately fast response
Neuropeptide Y produces a slow reponse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Potency

A

a adrenceptors -> noradrenaline -> adrenaline -> isoprenaline
B adrenoreceptors -> isoprenaline -> adrenaline -> noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

example of an antagonist

A

biceps branchii and brachilias are antgonist branchii and anceoneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

different muscles and examples

A

Axial muscle ~ trunk
Proximal muscle ~ Shoulders
Distal muscle ~ hands and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Upper motor units infuelnce

A

Upper motor units influence activity of lower motor units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lower motor units
stimulate contraction
exit spinal cord
supply

A

Lower Motor units - neurons synapse to stimulate contraction allowing contraction from the spinal cord
exit spinal cord in spinal nerves - sensory and motor supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Relationship between motor unit vs contraction

A

Increase Motor Units increase the force of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Size Principle

A

Fixed order to recruit to increase activity - size principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does control of motor function involves

A

Control of motor function involves integration of sensory and motor inputs / outputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is extrafusal

A

Extrafusal - bulk of skeletal fibres which generate force and innverated by motor neuorns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is intrafusal

A

Intrafusal - remaining specialised fibres - muscle spindles and are innverated by y motor neurons and sesnory afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What afferent have sesnory and motor afferent

A

Sensory and motor innervation is provided by la and II afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Muscle spindle sense chnages in what

A

Muscle spindle sense changes and respond to changes in muscle length to return skeletal muscle to resting state after they have been used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mid Diastole

A

Ventricles contain most of the volume
atrial and ventricular pressures are low and aortic is high
Aortic and Pulmonary valves are closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Late diastole

A

Late Diastole is the p wave and blood enters the ventricles from the atria
both atrial and ventricle is increased
aortic and pulmonary are clsoed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

End Diastole and early systole

A

End Diastole and early systole - QRS ventricular depolarisation and ventricular rapidly increases and aortic is shut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ejection Peroid

A

Ejection Period - blood is ejected into aorta and pulmonary
ventricular > Aterial
Aortic and Pulmonary is open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

End of Ventricualr systole

A

End of ventricular systole - ventricular repolarisation Ventricular < Aortic
both Aortic and pulmonary are shut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Filling Peroid

A

Filling peroid - ventricualr volume increases
Ventricular < Atrial pressure
AV is open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

First coincides

A

First coincides with the beginning of systole produced by closure of the AV valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Second Coincides

A

Second begins with the onset of diastole - closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

strucrture of a scarmoere

A

Scarmoere consits of a single A band and two I band
I band is only thin filament from 2 adjacent scarmoeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Alkaline chain

A

Alkaline chain is stability and regulatory action for ATPase and activity of chain is regulated via phosphorylation by kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ca modulate what

A

Ca modulates contraction and regulatory proteins rather than interacting directly with contractile proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Troponin moving to allow cross bridge cycle

A

Troponin I shift permitting tropomyosin molecule to move
Troponin T tropomyosin is moved away from myosin binding site on actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Transverse tubules

A

Transverse tubules action potential spread through muscle fibre
Maximal muscle current to penetrate into fibre to separate myofibrils and transmission of action potential along transverse tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

Smooth Muscle - individual Muscle fibres are relatively small spindle shaped one nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is cardiac Muscle

A

Cardiac is individual muscle fibres are large cylindrical with many nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal multi-nuclei individual muscle fibres are large elongated cylindrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tonic

A

Tonic is constanlty engaged and stronger reponses when stimualted by neurons that innervate them
helps control spinters periodically and are individual neurons and have electrical isolation of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Phasic

A

Phasic operates together with small number of neurons that innervate a cell
gap junction allowing coordinated contraction as they all communicate together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are contractile protiens

A

contractile proteins are anchored in the cytoplasm on the cell membrane on dense bodies and dense plaques - net like structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

factors affecting striated muscles are stretch

A

factors affecting striated muscles are stretch and intracellular calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

factors affecting smooth muscle cross-bridge

A

factors affecting smooth muscle cross-bridge are increased intracellular calcium, phosphorylation of MLCK and inhibition of myosin light chain phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do Ca leave the SR

A

Membrane bound Ca2+ ATPase and Na Ca2+ exchanger expel calcium from the cell and calcium is sequestered into stores by SR calcium ATPase

39
Q

what is pharmochemical coupling

A

Pharmaochemical is the change in smooth muscle tone without a change in membrane potential and a production second messengers for contraction or relaxation (IP3 causing contraction and cAMP causing relaxation)

40
Q

What is the electrochemical coupling

A

Electrochemical is the opening plasma membrane voltage activated L type Ca2+ channels and response to depolarisation with or without potential generation

41
Q

Na Ca exchanger

A

Na Ca exchanger utilises the Na electrochemical graident to pump Ca out of the cell

42
Q

Ca2+ ATPase

A

Ca2+ ATPase utilises ATP hydrolysis to actively pump Ca2+ out of the cell

43
Q

SERCA Ca2+ ATPase

A

Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) utilises ATP hydrolysis to actively pump Ca2+ ATPase

44
Q

How does gas change state going into the alveolus

A

moves from gas phase in the avoleous into liquid that lines alveous so when gas is inhaled it mixes with gas inside the lung

45
Q

how oxygen moves around the body

A

diffuses through blood gas barrier into the pulmonary vein into the heart and around the body and makes its way to the mitochondria where it is converted to water in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP

46
Q

Branching has two consequences:

A

Increase surface area for gas exchange
Dissipates resistance to airflow as airway diameter narrows towards the respiratory zone

47
Q

number of airways increase what else increase

A

when the number of airways increases the number of cross sectional area increases and airflow resistance factor decreases

48
Q

what is bulk flow

A

Bulk flow of gas into conductive zone is driven by
difference is net pressure caused by expansion and relaxation of the chest cavity

49
Q

how does gas moves

A

Gas will only move into the lung if we decrease the pressure of lungs
as expands the chest pressure will go under atmospheric pressure and goes into the lungs due to decrease pressure gradient

50
Q

what does relaxation for lung

A

relaxation put pressure on the walls of the avolei
raising partial pressure above the atmospheric pressure so gas goes out the lung conversion

51
Q

what is the sum of alveolar pressure

A

alveolar pressure is the sum of elastic recoil pressure and plural pressure

52
Q

muscle movement expiration and inspiration

A

inspiration - upwards and outwards
expiration - backwards and downwards

53
Q

how does diffusion and convention work

A

Convention is gas movement through conducting airways
diffusion is the gas exchange across the blood gas barrier in the alveolus

54
Q

what is content and satuation

A

Content - is determined by the amount of Hb of O2 in blood
saturation in the proportion = oxyhemoglobin / O2 carrying capacity of Hb

55
Q

Dissociation curve

A

For the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve the p50 value gives PO2 required for half maximal Hb saturation
Left shift = increase HbO2 affinity and reduced O2 offloading to tissues
Right shift = decrease HbO2 affinity raised O2 offloading to tissues

56
Q

what is the Bohr Effect

A

The amino terminus of the haemoglobin a subunit binds to the carboxy-terminal histidine in the b subunit this stabilises hb structure
This interaction is pH and O2-sensitive
Acidosis decreases pH favours ab subunit interaction and reduces the binding of O2 to heme

57
Q

how can you carry CO2

A

Plasma Soluble CO2 and Bicarbonate Ion and Carbamino hemoglobin - carbonate reaction at N terminal amino acid groups of Hb a subunit

58
Q

What is the calculation showing

A

Tells us that alveolar PO2 is significantly affected by amtopheric PO2 and arterial carbon dioxide
If arterial PCO2s increases so alveolar PO2 decreases
If RQ increases

59
Q

Conserve pAO2
For climbers

A

Increasing breathing frequency - paCO2 decreases
High carbohydrate diet
Climb when barometric pressure high

60
Q

Poor ventilation and good ventilation

A

Poor ventilation and large blood flow
Reduce perfusion - hypoxia constricts pulmonary arterioles
Good ventilation and poor blood flow
Reduce ventilation - low CO2 constrict bronchioles

61
Q

what is plueral sacs linked to

A

Pleural sac links elastic forces in the chest wall and lung

62
Q

what is fluid filled

A

The pueral sac is a fluid fullied cavity which tethers the lung to the movement of the rib cage
lierteral outer wall

63
Q

the plueral cavity acts to oppose what

A

the pleural cavity acts to oppose elastic recoil of ribs
tethers the lung to the thoracic wall
holds to the lungs out and open and allows inspiratory movement

64
Q

Aveolar pressure

A

Avolaolr pressure
Inspire alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
End of inspiration the pressure equalises and goes to 0
Exhalation - increase in alveolar pressure which goes back to 0 at the end of the expiration

65
Q

Compliance varies with lung Disease

A

Emphsema has a is higher than normal and fibrosis is lower than normal

66
Q

Pulmonary compliance is produced by what

A

Pulmonary compliance is produce by elastin connective fibres and alveolar surface tension

67
Q

surface tension in an alveolus resists stretch

A

surface tension in an alveolus resists stretch tends to become smaller and tends to recoil after stretch contributes to elastic recoil pressure

68
Q

effect of air liquid interface on lung compliance

A

Inflating with liquid overcomes recoil effect by dissipating surface tension
Lungs requires greater transpulmonary pressure to inflate with air in order to overcome surface tension + elastic recoil effect

69
Q

the law of laplace

A

The law of laplace is the small diameter bubbles have higher surface tension than large diameter one
variation in alveolar size would cause small alveoli to collapse into the other

70
Q

What is the calculation of laplace

A

P = 2T / r
Pressure = 2 x Surface tension / radius of bubble

71
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

Pulmonary surfactant stabilised alveolar structure by reducing surface tension

72
Q

effect of surfactant on the surface tension

A

Surfactant reduces tension by decreasing density of water molecules at air water interface
Because the hydrophobic tail pulls the surfactant molecule upward the resultant vector is minimal

73
Q

Redcues surface tension in alveoli
to effect surface tension

A

Composed of DPPC packed around surfactant protiens AD
secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells
Redcues surface tension in alveoli
Prevent collapse of alveoli during lung expansion and contraction
Reduces pressure required to infalte lungs
Effect on surface tension varies with alveolar surface area

74
Q

Laplace law as r fall
stabilised by what

A

As r falls surfactant molecules croded together surface tension reduced smaller alveolous stabilises
alveoli also stabilised by mechanical interactions between neighbouring alveoli prevents alveolar collpase

75
Q

two specialised types of cardiac cell

A

There are two specialised types of cardiac cell
contractile cells and autorhythmic cell

76
Q

what is pacemaker acitvity

A

cardiac autorhythmic cell do not have a resting membrane potential - they display pacemaker activity

77
Q

what is pacemaker potential

A

pacemaker potential is when an autorhythmic cell membrane slow drift to threshold

78
Q

what initiate Action potential

A

Autorhythmic cells cyclically initiate APs which then spread through the heart to trigger contraction without any nervous stimulation

79
Q

AV Node

A

AV forms only conducting pathways between atrial and bundle of his
AV node introduces considerable delay to spread of excitation - allowing blood to move from the atria to the ventricles
AV node has a latent power

80
Q

what is cardiac output

A

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
CO is the product of heart rate and stroke volume
CO = HR x SV

81
Q

What is stroke volume

A

stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected per contraction
SV = EDV - ESV

82
Q

How CO is controlled

A

CO is controlled according to physiological requirements
via control of HR and SV and control of HR

83
Q

The strength of cardiac muscle contraction and, accordingly SV can be graded by

A

The strength of cardiac muscle contraction and, accordingly SV can be graded by:
1. Varying the initial length of the cardiac muscle fibres, which in turn depends upon EDV(intrinsic control)
2. Varying the extent of sympathetic stimulation(extrinsic control)

84
Q

The strength of cardiac muscle contraction and, accordingly SV can be graded by

A

The strength of cardiac muscle contraction and, accordingly SV can be graded by:
1. Varying the initial length of the cardiac muscle fibres, which in turn depends upon EDV(intrinsic control)
2. Varying the extent of sympathetic stimulation(extrinsic control)

85
Q

Frank Starling Law

A

The heart normally pumps out during systole the volume of blood returned to it during diastole; increased venous return results in increased stroke volume

86
Q

what is arteries

A

Arteries - low resistance vessels and acts as pressure reservoirs for maintaining blood flow between ventricular contraction

87
Q

what is arterioles

A

Arterioles - major site of resistance to blood flow , responsible for the pattern of blood flow distribution and participate in the regulation of arterial blood pressure

88
Q

what is flow

A

flow is always from a region of higher pressure to one of lower pressure
pressure exerted by a fluid is often termed the hydrostatic pressure

89
Q

what is resistance

A

Resistance is the measure of how difficult is for blood to flow between two points at any given pressure difference

90
Q

what is teh calculation of blood flow

A

blood flow through vessels depends upon the pressure gradient and vascular resistance
the driving force is the pressure generated by contraction of the heart
F = ^P / R

91
Q

resistance to blood flow depends upon 3 factors

A

resistance to blood flow depends upon 3 factors
viscosity of the blood
vessel length
vessel radius

92
Q

what is contraction adn relaxation

A

Contraction=decreased radius, increased resistance=decreased local blood flow =vasoconstriction
Relaxation=increased radius, decreased resistance=increased local blood flow =vasodilation

93
Q

two factors reponsible for vascular tone

A

Two factors are responsible for vascular tone
myogenic activity
sympathetic activity

94
Q

what does chnage in contractility of arteriolar

A

Any change in contractility of arteriolar smoothmuscle will substantially change resistance to flow inthese vessels

BS22001 Human Physiology and Pharmacology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions