Univ of Arizona Mock Exam Flashcards
Etiology? Primary mode of transmission? Primary site of infection? How is diagnosis made?
Pseudoloma neurophilia
Ingestion of spores is primary means of transmission
Xenomas (parasite-infected cells) primarily occur in CNS. Inflammation is usually minimal.
Presumptive diagnosis on clinical signs. Definitive diagnosis by finding characteristic spores in wet mounts or histology. Microsporidian spores are birefringent, oval, usually with a prominent refractile vacuole. Spores are Gram positive in tissue smears or histology. Xenomas must be differentiated from lesions caused by Ichthyophthirius multifilis.
1) Baker DG, ed. 2007. Flynn’s Parasites of Laboratory Animals, 2nd edition. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa, USA. Chapter 7 – Parasites of Fishes, pp. 80-84.
2) Murray et al. 2011. Transmission, diagnosis, and recommendations for control of Pseudoloma neurophilia infections in laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio) facilities. Comp Med 61(4):322-329.
Domain 1; Secondary Species – Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Etiology? Pathogenesis? Diagnosis?
Presumptive diagnosis is Ichthyophthirius multifilis (White Spot disease)
White spot is the trophont**, encysted feeding stage. This eventually breaks off and drops to bottom of aquarium and attaches to some substrate, now called a **tomont**. It undergoes mitotic divisions to form hundreds of ciliated **theronts that are released into the water to attach to a new host.
Definitive diagnosis is by observing distinctive horshoe-shaped macronucleus, and observing parasites under epithelium of gills or skin.
What is the mechanism of action for propofol? Species differences? Side effects? Immune sysytem effects?
GABAA agonist
Clearance in greyhounds slower than other breeds. Less efective in rabbit than other species. Repeated dosing in cats causes Heinz body formation.
Decreases cerebral oxygen consumption, reduces intracranial pressure, and has anticonvulsive activity. Also a potent antioxidant, has anti-inflammatory properties, and is a brochodilator.
Attenuates proinflammatory cytokines, alters nitric oxide expression, and decreases neutrophil activation in a rat model of endotoxemia.
Which drugs are GABAA agonists?
- Barbiturates (Thiopental, Thiamylal, Methohexital, Pentobarbital)
- chloral hydrate
- alpha-chlorulose
- tribromoethanol (TBE)
- propofol
- metomidate
- etomidate
- Steroid anesthetics (alphaxalone, alphadolone)
- Benzodiazepines
Mechanism of action for acepromazine? Side effects? Species differences?
Acepromazine is a phenothiazine derivative which antagonizes D2 dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia and limbic portions of the forebrain.
Little direct evidence that acepromazine potentiates seizure activity, as is commonly thought. Does cause hyperglycemia, reduced hematocrit, reduced gastric secretory activity.
IM chlorpromazine is contraindicated in rabbits due to severe myositis and paralysis.
How is the blood supply from the coronary artery of swine similar to that of humans?
It is right-side dominant and lacks preexisting collateral circulation.
This makes the coronary blood flow similar to 90% of that of the human population, unlike the dog. The elctrophysioologic system is more neurogenic than myogenic, and there are more Purkinje fibers. The left azygous (hemizygous) vein drains the intercostal vessels into the cornoary sinus unlike most other species. This vessel may be ligated or blocked to provide total coronary vessel drainage into the coronary sinus.
Reference: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 15 - Biology and Diseases of Swine, p. 618.
Domain 3; Primary Species – Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Which of the following is the least likely cause of a positive tuberculin skin test result in a common marmoset?
a. Early-stage infection with measles virus
b. Prior Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination
c. Prior exposure to Freund complete adjuvant
d. Infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria
e. Trauma during injection
a. Early-stage infection with measles virus
Measles may result in false negative reactions due to immunosuppression. Early or advanced tuberculosis may also result in false-negative reactions.
1) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 16 – Nonhuman Primates, p. 740
2) Bennett BT, Abee CR, Henrickson R, eds. 1998. Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Diseases. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Chapter 2 – Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, pp. 85-86.
3) Wachtman et al. 2011. Colonization with nontuberculous mycobacteria is associated with positive tuberculin skin test reactions in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Comp Med 61(3):278-284.
Domain 4; Secondary Species – Marmoset/Tamarins (Callitrichidae)
Which of the following parameters is least predictive for determining obesity and related health problems in this species?
a. BMI
b. Haemoglobin A1c levels
c. Abdominal skin fold thickness
d. Body weight
e. Serum fructosamine levels
d. Body weight
1) Bauer SA, Arndt TP, Leslie KE, Pearl DL, Turner PV. 2011. Obesity in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques: A comparative review of the condition and its implications for research. Comp Med. 61(6):514-526.
2) SA Bauer, KE Leslie, DL Pearl, J Fournier, PV Turner. 2010. Retrospective case-control study of hyperglycemia in group-housed, mature female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). J Med Primatol, 39:408-416.
Domain 1; Primary Species
- According to the Animal Welfare Act and its regulations, for what period of time must an official USDA tag be held after the death or euthanasia of a cat?
1 year
Reference: Animal Welfare Act, 9 CFR Part 2 – Regulations, Subpart E – Identification of Animals, §2.55 (b) Removal and disposal of tags (1-1-01 Edition, p. 33).
Domain 5; Secondary Species – Cat (Felis domestica)
Which organization is composed of research professionals with a mission dedicated to balancing animal welfare and excellence in basic and applied scientific inquiry?
Scientists Center for Animal Welfare
1) Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. 1996. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. National Academy Press: Washington, D.C. Appendix B: Selected Organizations, pp. 108, 110-112
2) http://www.scaw.com/
3) http://www.aalas.org/resources/branches-affil.aspx
Domain 6
The control of the following substance is administered and enforced by which agency(ies)?
Administered by the Secretary of Health and Human Services and enforced by the Drug Enforcement Agency
1) Fish RE, Brown MJ, Danneman PJ, Karas AZ, eds. 2008. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego CA. Chapter 25 – Regulatory Issues
Domain 5
- Which of the following viruses causes disease with both zoonotic and anthroponotic forms in ferrets and humans?
a. Orthomyxovirus
b. Paramyxovirus
c. Parvovirus
d. Rhabdovirus
e. Rotavirus
a. Orthomyxovirus
Influenza is caused by an orthomyxovirus that is transmissable from humans to ferrets and ferrets to humans. Human influenza viruses A and B are pathogenic to ferrets. Ferrets are also susceptible to avian, phocine, equine, and swine influenza, although only swine influenza causes clinical signs.
Clinical signs appear 48 hours postinfection. Diagnosis is based on typical clinical signs and recovery within 4 days.
1) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 13 – Biology and Diseases of Ferrets, pp. 498-501.
2) Quesenberry, KE, Carpenter, JW, eds. Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents – Clinical Medicine and Surgery, 2nd edition. Saunders, St. Louis, MO. Chapter 7 – Respiratory Diseases, pp. 74-75.
Domain 1; Secondary Species – Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
List some infectious disease research of this species.
- Respiratory infection with paramyxovirus
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Parainfluenza 3
- Measles
- Human adenovirus
- Only animal model of ocular adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis
- Susceptibility to human adenovirus has led to their use in adenoviral-mediated gene therapy srtudies involving cystic fibrosis, erythropoiesis stimulation, cancer treatment such as cervical carcinoma
- Scrub typhus
- Screen antifilarial drugs
- Leishmania donovani
- Echinococcus multilocularis
- Natural reservoir for Lyme disease, hantavirus, VEE
Cotton rat is pictured (Sigmodon hispidus)
1) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 7 – Biology and Diseases of Other Rodents, pp. 270-271.
2) Suckow MA, Weisbroth SH, Franklin CL, eds. 2006. The Laboratory Rat, 2nd edition. Elsevier Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 30 – Wild and Black Rats, pp. 869-870
Domain 3; Tertiary Species – Other Rodents
- The Interagency Research Animal Committee has recommended restricting use of which mouse identification method to situations where no other method of identifying the animals would be appropriate?
Toe clipping
The Guide says: “It may be the preferred method for neonatal mice up to 7 days of age as it appears to have few adverse effects on behavior and well-being at this age.”
1) Final Rule: Good Laboratory Practice Regulations; Minor Amendments: Toe Clipping (http://awic.nal.usda.gov/final-rule-good-laboratory-practice-regulations-minor-amendment-toe-clipping)
2) Applied Research Ethics National Association (ARENA) and Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW). 2002. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidebook. 2nd Edition. OLAW, Bethesda, MD. Section B.2.c. Husbandry, pp. 45-46.
3) National Research Council. 2011. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th ed. National Academies Press, Washington D.C. Chapter 3 - Environment, Housing and Management, p. 75.
Domain 4; Primary Species – Mice (Mus musculus)
The life cycle of this parasite may be complete in how many days?
8-14 days
Myocoptes musculinus (female)
1) Metcalf P, Kelly A, Rice, KA, Wrighten R, Watson J. 2011 Effect of Sampling Strategy on the Detection of Fur Mites within a Naturally Infested Colony of Mice (Mus musculus) JAALAS 50(3): 337-343
2) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Chapter 3 – Biology and Diseases of mice, p. 104
Domain 1; Primary Species – Mus musculus
According to the Animal Welfare Act and its regulations, which of the following areas are exempt from inspection every 6 months by the IACUC?
a. Animal housing areas
b. Quarantine facilities
c. Animal areas containing free-living wild animals in their natural habitat
d. Animal study areas
e. Animal surgery areas
c. Animal areas containing free-living wild animals in their natural habitat
1) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 2 – Laws, Regulations, and Policies Affecting the Use of Laboratory Animals, pp. 21-22.
2) Animal Welfare Act, 9 CFR Part 2 – Regulations, Subpart C – Research Facilities, §2.31(c)(3) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). (1-1-01 Edition, p. 21).
Domain 5
Which of the following laboratory animal species have hypsodontic molars?
a. Rats and mice
b. Gerbils and guinea pigs
c. Guinea pigs and rabbits
d. Mice and rabbits
c. Guinea pigs and rabbits
Note: all rodents have hypsodontic incisors
1) Dontas et al. 2010. Malocclusion in aging Wistar rats. JAALAS 49(1):22-26
2) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 4 – Biology and Diseases of Rats, p. 124; Chapter 6 – Biology and Diseases of Guinea Pigs, p. 207; and Chapter 9 – Biology and Diseases of Rabbits, p. 331
3) Percy DH and Barthold SW. 2007. Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits, 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing: Ames, Iowa. Chapter 1 – Mouse, p. 102; Chapter 2 – Rat, pp. 165; Chapter 4 – Gerbil, p. 213; Chapter 5 – Guinea Pig, p. 242; Chapter 6 – Rabbit, p. 303
Domain 1; Primary Species – Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Secondary Species – Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
- Which of the following drug classes are sedative hypnotics, have a very narrow therapeutic window, and have significant side effects in hamsters and gerbils?
a. α2-adrenergic agonists
b. Neuroleptics
c. Barbiturates
d. Dissociative agents
c. Barbiturates
Pentobarbital (70 mg/kg IP) produces profound respiratory perturbations in hamsters, with decreased tidal and minute volumes, reduced breathing rate, and increased airway resistance.
**Gerbils receiving 80 mg/kg pentobarbital exhibit profound hypothermia. **
Also, Marmota monax has profound cardiovascular depression with 30 mg/kg pentobarbital (and also with urethane, and chloralose/urethane)
1) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 22 – Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia, pp. 957-959.
2) Fish RE, Brown MJ, Danneman PJ, Karas AZ, eds. 2008. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Chapter 11 – Anesthesia and Analgesia for Laboratory Rodents, pp. 280-281.
Domain 2; Secondary Species – Gerbil (Meriones spp.) and Syrian Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), Tertiary Species – Other Rodents
What is the major cause of morbidity and mortality of this species?
Phodopus sungorus (Dwarf or Djungarian hamster)
High incidence of spontantaneous neoplasia (1-10%), with female being more susceptible.
Adenocarcinoma of mammary glands, adenocarcinoma of lungs, SCC of skin on muzzle being top three.
Other fun facts: Dwarf hamsters have most compressed reproductive cycle of any eutherian mammal. They can mate on the day of parturition and deliver the second litter while weaning the first, within a 36-day time period. 4 day estrus cycle, 18 day gestation.
According to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, when using the device pictured, all of the following are important guidelines EXCEPT:
a. Restraint devices should not be considered a normal method of housing, and must be justified in the animal use protocol
b. The period of restraint should be the minimum required to accomplish the research objectives
c. Animals to be placed in restraint devices should be given training (with positive reinforcement) to adapt to the equipment and personnel
d. Animals that fail to adapt to the device should receive retraining whenever possible
e. Provision should be made for observation of the animal at appropriate intervals, as determined by the IACUC
d. Animals that fail to adapt to the device should receive retraining whenever possible
1) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 2011. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. p. 29.
2) http://www.unobv.com/Primate%20restrainer.html
Domain 5; Primary Species
Name two innate characteristics of this species that lend to major research application.
- Incomplete Circle of Willis thereby making them a model of stroke since they’re more susceptible to cerebral infarction following unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery.
- Have spontaneous epileptiform seizures which mimic human idiopathis epilepsy. Seizure-sensitive and seizure-resistant strains have been bred.
Mongolian gerbil - Meriones unguiculatus
Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 7 – Biology and Diseases of Other Rodents, p. 275.
2) Percy DH and Barthold SW. 2007. Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits, 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing: Ames, Iowa. Chapter 4 – Gerbil, p. 207.
Domain 3; Secondary Species – Gerbil (Meriones spp.)
- Why is it important to remove organic matter from water prior to chlorination?
Chlorination of water containing organic matter results in the formation of by-products such as trihalomethanes, some of which, for example, chloroform, may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic. Therefore, chlorination of RO-treated water, which has fewer organic contaminants, is preferred. Chlorination by-products may be present without on-site chlorination, as many municipal water supplies use chlorine as a disinfectant. Although RO treatment will remove some by-products, small-molecular-weight compounds may pass through the RO membrane and are best removed by absorption using activated carbon.
2) Fox JG, Barthold SW, Davisson MT, Newcomer CE, Quimby FW, Smith AL, eds. 2007. The Mouse in Biomedical Research, 2nd edition, Volume 3 – Normative Biology, Husbandry, and Models. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 9 – Design and Management of Research Facilities for Mice, pp. 306-309.
Domain 4
You are presented with a mouse carrying a mutation in a gene whose function is unknown to you. Which of the following databases WOULD NOT be useful in determining the function of the gene?
a. OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man)
b. PubMed
c. Jackson Lab Mouse Genome Informatics site
d. BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)
e. Cochrane Library
e. Cochrane Library
1) BLAST: http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi
2) JAX: http://www.informatics.jax.org/
3) PubMed:
4) OMIM: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim
5) Cochrane Library: http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/view/0/index.html
Domain 5; Primary Species – Mouse (Mus musculus)
Tissue from an asymptomatic guinea pig. Identify the tissue and etiology.
Salivary gland
Cavid Herpesvirus or guinea pig cytomegalovirus or salivary gland virus
Infection usually subclinical. Diagnosis is made by identification of large, eosinophilic, usually intranuclear inclusion bodies in the ductal epithelial cells of the submaxillary salivary gland. Inclusions form at 5 days up to 3 weeks post-exposure. May also be seen in brain, lung, kidney, spleen, pancreas, thymus, and liver.
Percy, D. and Barthold, S. 2007. Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishing. Chapter 5 – Guinea Pig
2) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 6 – Biology and Diseases of Guinea Pigs, p. 221.
Domain 1; Secondary Species – Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
Which of the following types of viruses can potentially contaminate mouse gametes and embryos?
a. Poxvirus
b. Parvovirus
c. Herpesvirus
d. Adenovirus
e. Paramyxovirus
b. Parvovirus
1) Besselsen et al. 2008. Embryo transfer rederivation of C.B-17/Icr-Prkdcscid mice experimentally infected with mouse parvovirus 1. Comparative Medicine 58(4):353-359.
2) Veterinary Virology, 2nd edition. Fenner, FJ; Gibbs, EPJ; Murphy, FA; Rott, R; Studdert, MJ; White, DO. p.21 Academic Press, San Diego.
Domain 1; Primary Species – Mouse (Mus musculus)
Which of the following animals are commonly used as models of leprosy (Hansen’s disease)?
- a. Cercocebus atys and Saimiri boliviensis
b. Sanguinus fuscicollis and Cercocebus atys
c. Pan troglodytes and Papio anubis
d. Macaca fascicularis and Saimiri sciureus
e. Cercocebus atys and Dasypus novemcinctus*
e. Cercocebus atys (Sooty mangabey) and Dasypus novemcinctus (Nine-banded armadillo)
1) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 16 – Nonhuman Primates, p. 741.
2) http://science.education.nih.gov/animalresearch.nsf/Story1/Armadillos+and+Their+Role+in+Treating+Leprosy
3) Bennett BT, Abee CR, Henrickson R, eds. 1998. Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Diseases. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Chapter 2 – Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, pp. 84, 88 and Chapter 9 – Integumentary System, p. 371.
Domain 3; Tertiary Species – Other Nonhuman Primates, Other Mammals
Mycobacterium laprae
What is this device?
Penicyclinder - Porcelain or stainless steel cylinders 8 mm OD x 10 mm long; used in antibiotic assays
Define:
a. Chemically defined
b. Purified
c. Natural ingredient
Natural ingredient: composed of agricultural product and byproducts and are commercially available for all species. ** Nutrient composition of ingredients varies from batch-to-batch**. Can be either open-formula or closed-formula.
Purified: refined such that each ingredient contains a single nutrient or nutrient class. These diets have less variability in concentration and potential for chemical contamination is lower. A frequently used rat purified diet is AIN-76.
Chemically defined: formulated with very basically defined ingredients (e.g. specific amino acids, sugars, triglycerides, essential fatty acids). Costly and tend to lack palatability.
National Research Council. 2011. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th ed. National Academies Press, Washington D.C. Chapter 3 - Environment, Housing and Management, p. 65.
2) Suckow MA, Weisbroth SH, Franklin CL, eds. 2006. The Laboratory Rat, 2nd edition. Elsevier Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 9 – Nutrition, pp. 269-271
Domain 4
According to the Animal Welfare Act and its regulations, which of the following types of facilities must be licensed as a dealer?
a. Facility which produces cloned animals for regulated purposes utilizing standard veterinary medical practices
b. Facility that produces novel genetically engineered animals
c. Facility that only produces antibodies/antisera on a contract basis for particular investigators but not for resale
d. Facility that produces pregnant mare urine
a. Facility which produces cloned animals for regulated purposes utilizing standard veterinary medical practices
- A dealer’s license would not be required if the research facility only produces antibodies/antisera on a contract basis for particular investigators, not for resale. If it sells the products retail then a dealer’s licence would be required. But, would be required to be registered as a research facility.
- Horses used for the production of PMU are not covered by the AWA.
- A facility that produces novel genetically engineered animals is using such animals in research, and must be registered as a research facility (not a dealer).
- A facility which produces cloned animals for regulated purposes utilizing standard veterinary medical practices is considered to be breeding animals, and must be licensed as a dealer.
1) USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Animal Care Policy Manual. Policy # 10: Specific Activities Requiring A License Or Registration, March 25, 2011 (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/policy/Policy%20Manual%2003-25-2011.pdf)
2) Animal Welfare Act, 9 CFR Part 2 – Regulations, Subpart C – Research Facilities, §2.1 (3)(i-viii)Annual requirements and application (1-1-01 Edition, p.14.).
Domain 5
Genus and species? Life cycle? How diagnose?
Syphacia oblevata
Life cycle 11-15 days, direct
Ingested eggs liberate larvae in the small intestine and migrate to the cecum within 24 hours. Worms remain in cecum for 10-11 days where they mate and mature. Females then migrate to large intestine and leave the host, depositing eggs on the perianal region.
Diagnosis is finding eggs with perianal tape test, or by looking for adults in cecum or large intestine.
1) Dole V, Zaias J, Kyricopoulos-Cleasby D, Banu L, Waterman L, Sanders K, Henderson K. 2011. Comparison of Traditional and PCR Methods during Screening for and Confirmation of Aspiculuris tetraptera in a Mouse Facility. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 50(6). pp. 904-909.
2) http://www.radil.missouri.edu/info/dora/Dora.htm
3) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. p.100
Domain 1
Genus and species? Life cycle? How diagnosed?
Aspicularis tetraptera
Life cycle 23-25 days. Mature females inhabit the large intestine, where they survive 45-50 days and lay their eggs. Eggs are deposited at night and are excreted in a mucous layer covering fecal pellets. Eggs require 6-7 days at 24o C to become infective and can survive for weeks outside the host.
Diagnosis is by finding eggs with fecal floatation methods, and finding adults in the large intestine.
Fecal floatation from a mouse. Genus and species? Life cycle? How diagnosed?
Rodentolepis nana (Dwarf tapeworm)
ZOONOTIC. Life cycle is direct or indirect, 20-30 days. Is the only cestode known to not require an intermediate host. Cystercerci are found in lamina propria of small intestine and sporadically in mesenteric lymph nodes. Adults found in lumen. Eggs have 3 rosetellar hooks with polar filaments, and do not survive well outside host.
Diagnosis is by fecal floatation methods or opening intestines for adults.
- Hymenolepis dimunuta* requires an intermediate host and also has 3 rostellar hooks but NO with polar filaments
- Rodentolepis microstoma* is found in the bile ducts of rodents and could possibly be confused with R. nana. But the size and location of the adults should easily differentiate.
What DEA Schedule is Tramadol, and by what mechanism(s) does it mediate analgesia?
Not currently controlled.
Is a synthetic opioid agonist. Inhibits NE and serotonin reuptake.
Genus and species? Two areas of research? Common neoplasms?
Cynomys ludovicianus (Black-tailed prarie dog)
Biliary physiology and gallstone formation - gall bladder is accessible on ventral surface over right liver lobe; cholesterol-fed animals useful for inducing gallstone formation
Antibiotic-induced diarrhea - cefoxitin induced C. dificile cecitis with a more chronic course than other rodent species
Hepatocellular carcinomas - not associated with hepadnavirus
Odontomas - common cause of upper respiratory disease in captive prarie dogs
1) Keckler MS, et al. 2010. Physiologic Reference Ranges for Captive Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). JAALAS 49(3): 274-281.
2) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 7 – Biology and Diseases of Other Rodents, p. 254.
Domain 3; Tertiary Species – Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)
A guinea pig shows clinical signs of lethargy, torticollis, ataxia, and recumbency with an inability to rise. After the animal was euthanized, tissues were collected and submitted for histopathology. The following was observed on histopathology of the brain. Name the most likely etiologic agent.
Baylisascaris procyonis
1) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 6 – Biology and Diseases of Guinea Pigs, p 225.
2) Baker, DG. 2007. Flynn’s Parasites of Laboratory Animals. 2nd edition. Blackwell Publishing: Ames, Iowa. Chapter 14 – Parasites of Guinea Pigs, pp. 436- 437.
Domain 1; Secondary Species – Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
From a fecal floatation of a guinea pig with no clinical signs. What is the most likeley diagnosis?
Paraspidodera uncinata (cecal worm) - the only common helminth of guinea pigs, inhabits but does not penetrate the cecal and colonic mucosa.
Life cycle is 51-66 days. Eggs become infective 3-5 days after shedding.
Uncommon in the U.S.
According to the AWA, up to how many adult nonconditioned animals of this species can be housed in the same enclosure? Other restrictions on composition of group housing?
No more than 12 - applies to both dogs and cats
Queens or bitches with litters may not be housed in same primary enclosure with adults, except when maintained in breeding colonies.
Puppies or kittens 4 months of age or less may not be housed in the same primary enclosure with adult dogs or cats other than their dams or foster dams, except when permanently maintained in breeding colonies.
Queens or bitches in heat may not be housed in the same primary enclosure with sexually mature males, except for breeding.
1) Animal Welfare Act, 9 CFR Part 3 – Standards, Subpart A – Specifications for the Humane Handling, Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Dogs and Cats, §3.6 Primary enclosures (c) Additional requirements for dogs (ii).
Domain 4; Primary Species – Dog (Canis familiaris)
The pictured animal has recently been shown to develop an infection with what virus and may prove to be a valuable animal model for infectious disease research?
Monkeypox virus
Pictured: Graphiurus kelleni (African dormouse)
1) Kastenmayer RJ et al. 2010. Management and Care of African Dormice (Graphiurus kelleni). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 49(2):173-176.
Domain 3; Tertiary Species – Other rodents
Describe the coordinate system for the equipment pictured.
Sterotaxic surgery apparatus pictured.
The zero point for the coordinate system is either:
- the intersection of the coronal and sagittal skull sutures - bregma, or
- the middle of an interaural line
lambda - intersection of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures
This dog breed is an animal model for what human and animal disease?
Cyclic Hematopoiesis
This colony is maintained at the University of Washington - Seattle. The condition is manifested by periodic fluctuations of the cellular components of blood, most notably neutrophils.
1) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 11 – Biology and Diseases of Dogs, p. 396.
2) Brabb T et al. 1995. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in two grey collie dogs with cyclic hematopoiesis. Lab. Anim. Sci. 46(5):565-568.
Domain 3; Primary Species – Dog (Canis familiaris)
This dog breed is a model for what disease?
Bedlington Terrier is pictured.
Copper storage diseases, such as Wilson’s disease.
This dog breed is an animal model for what disease? How does the pathogenesis differ from people?
Golden Retriever, duh.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy in children. Caused by an absence of thre muscle protein dystrophin, inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. The mechanism and inheritence in Golden Retrievers is the same as in people.
Participation in aggressive encounters among mice has been shown to effect physiologic changes. Describe those changes.
- Can affect levels of pituitary hormones, including gonadotropins (can cause infertility)
- ACTH
- catecholamine levels in adrenal medulla
- corticosterone levels
LAM, p. 1242
What does the device in the picture detect?
a. ATP from only replicating bacteria and fungi
b. ATP from only replicating bacteria
c. ATP from all organic matter
d. The number of Colony Forming Units
c. ATP from all organic matter
1) Meier TR, Maute CJ, Cadillac JM, Lee JY, Righter DJ, Hugunin KMS, Deininger RA, Dysko RC. 2008. Quantification, Distribution, and Possible Source of Bacterial Biofilm in Mouse Automated Watering Systems. JAALAS 47(2):63-70.
2) Schondelmeyer CW, Dillehay DL, Webb SK, Huerkamp MJ, Mook DM, Pullium JK. 2006. Investigation of Appropriate Sanitization Frequency for Rodent Caging Accessories: Evidence Supporting Less-frequent Cleaning. JAALAS 45(6):40-43.
Domain 4
List the common research uses for this species.
Pictured: Marmota monax (Woodchuck or Groundhog)
Much of the research application revolves around the fact that woodchucks are obligate hibernators in the wild, and body weight may increase 25-100% during spring and summer, and decreases by 15-50% during autumn and winter hibernation. Similar changes occur in lab woodchucks, even when prevented from entering a deep hibernation state and constantly maintained in a natural photoperiod and room temperature.
- food intake
- obesity
- energy balance
- endogenous circannual cycles
- photoperiod entrainment of circannual cycles
- seasonal breeding
- hibernation
- viral hepatitis (WHV) and its sequelae, including hepatocellular carcinoma
LAM, p. 310
What is this piece of equipment used to evaluate?
Fear and anxiety
1) Gadad BS, Daher JPL, Hutchinson EK, Brayton CF, Dawson TM, Pletnikov MV, Watson J. 2010. Effect of Fenbendazole on Three Behavioral Tests in Male C57BL/6N Mice. JAALAS. 49(6):821 – 825
2) Rasmussen S, Miller MM, Filipski SB, Tolwani RJ. 2011. Cage Change Influences Serum Corticosterone and Anxiety-Like Behaviors in the Mouse. JAALAS. 50(4):479 – 483
Domain 3
Describe the unique reproductive physiology of this species and associated husbandry and clinical practices to properly manage it.
Mustela putorius furo. Seasonal breeders and induced ovulators. Seasonality corresponds tightly to increasing day length.
- Under artificial 8:16 light:dark, jills will reach puberty at 10-12 months
- Longer light periods can be used to stimuate breeding out of natural season, but should not be done prior to 90 days of age or jill will remain anestrous
- Dramatic vulvar swelling is characteristic of estrus in jills
- Estrus is not associated with increase in FSH as in the rodent
- Estrus may terminate by: coitus, pseudopregnancy by infertile mating, hCG or GnRH administration, death due to aplastic anemia, spontaneous remission due to reduced photoperiod
- About 50% of all jills in persistent estrus will exhibit bone marrow hypoplasia of all cell lines
- Clinical signs of hyperestrogenism: vulvar enlargement, bilaterally symmetrical alopecia of tail and abdomen, weakness, anorexia, depression, bacterial infection, mucopurulent vaginal discharge
LAM, p 488, 506
What does this equipment measure?
ECG noninvasively, with no telemetry.
The mouse is removed from its cage, set on the ECG recording platform and allowed to acclimate for 5-10 minutes. The gel-coated ECG electrodes embedded are in the floor of the platform. After the acclimation period, the mouse is positioned on the gel-coated electrodes for data collection. The mouse must make contact with each of its hind feet and one of its front feet for the recording to be made. The animal must remain in contact with the electrodes to allow for 20-30 continuous ECG signals before analyzing the data.
1) Fox JG et al, eds. 2007. The Mouse in Biomedical Research, Volume 3, 2nd Edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 2 – Mouse Physiology, p.38.
2) Chu V et al. 2001. Method for non-invasively recording electrocardiograms in conscious mice. BMC Physiol 1:6.
Domain 3
Identify the equipment depicted in this picture.
Bioluminescence imager
1) Sato A, Klaunberg B, Tolwani R. 2004. In vivo bioluminescence imaging. Comp Med 54(6):631-4.
2) Zinn KR, Chaudhuri TR, Szafran AA, O’Quinn D, Weaver C, Dugger K, et al. 2008. Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging in small animals. ILAR 49(1):103-15.
Domain 3
