Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced A&P > Univ IV Review > Flashcards

Univ IV Review Flashcards

1
Q

List the five basic functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Surface area for gas exchange
  2. Move air to and from the gas exchange area
  3. Protect respiratory system
  4. Producing sounds
  5. Detect odors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures make up the upper respiratory system

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structures make up the lower respiratory system

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are alveoli

A

Air-filled pockets where gas exchange takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses

A

Produce mucus to protect nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the main function of the nasal mucosa

A

Prepare air for arrival at the lower respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the main function of the larynx

A

Protect the glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the glottis

A

The vocal folds and the space between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis

A

Prevents liquids and solids from entering the respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are type I pneumocytes

A

Squamous epithelial cells. The site of gas exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are type II pneumocytes

A

Produce surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages

A

Phagocytize any invading particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is external respiration

A

All the processes involved in gas exchange between the body and the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Absorption of O2 and release of CO2 by bodily cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

The biochemical pathways responsible for O2 absorption and generation of CO2 by mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing - moving air in and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are hypoxia and anoxia

A

Hypoxia - low tissue O2 levels

Anoxia - O2 supply cut off completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level

A

760 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does Boyle’s Law state

A

The pressure of a gas is inversely proportionate to its volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is compliance of the lungs

A

How easily the lungs expand. Higher compliance = inflate easier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What factors affect the compliance of the lungs

A

Connective tissue, surfactant production, mobility of thoracic cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the intrapulmonary pressure during inhalation in quiet breathing

A

759 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a respiratory cycle

A

A single inhalation and exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The amount of air you move in and out of your lungs during a normal respiratory cycle (quiet breathing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

Air entering the pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is atelectasis

A

Recoiling of the elastic fibers of the lungs, aka “collapsed lung”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which two muscles are primarily used during quiet breathing

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

List all of the accessory muscles that are used in inhalation

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenes
  • Pectoralis minor
  • Serratus anterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

List all of the accessory muscles that are used in exhalation

A
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Internal intercostals
  • Abdominal obliques
  • Transversus abdominis
  • Transversus thoracis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a normal respiratory rate

A

12 to 18 breaths per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is respiratory minute volume and how is it calculated

A

Amount of air moved each minute = [Respiratory Rate] x [Tidal Volume]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is alveolar ventilation and how is it calculated

A

Amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute = [Respiratory Rate] x [Tidal Volume - Anatomic Dead Space]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the composition of ambient air at sea level

A
  • 78.6% N2
  • 20.9% O2
  • 0.5% H2O
  • 0.04% CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas

A

The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do you calculate the partial pressure of O2 at sea level

A

760 x 0.209 (= 158.84 mm Hg)

36
Q

What does Henry’s Law state

A

At a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

Note: This is what causes O2 to enter the blood at the lungs, and so on

37
Q

Does alveolar air contain more or less CO2 than atmospheric air, and why?

A

Incoming air mixes with air remaining in the alveoli from the previous respiratory cycle. For this reason, alveolar air contains more CO2 (and less O2) than atmospheric air.

38
Q

Why is the PO2 of exhaled air higher than the PO2 of alveolar air

A

Alveolar air mixed with air in the anatomical dead space as it is exhaled

39
Q

Explain how the autonomic nervous system works with the respiratory system to dilate and constrict blood vessels and bronchioles

A

PO2 increase and CO2 decrease in the alveoli = vasodilation and bronchoconstriction

PO2 decrease and CO2 increase in the alveoli = vasoconstriction and bronchodilation

40
Q

What are the two ways by which oxygen is transported in the blood

A
  1. 5% bound to hemoglobin (Hb)

1. 5% dissolved in plasma

41
Q

What is hemoglobin saturation

A

The percentage of heme units containing bound oxygen at any given moment

42
Q

How does the PO2 of plasma affect hemoglobin saturation

A

Hemoglobin carries and releases O2 in response to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen. As PO2 increases, Hb binds to O2. As pressure decreases, it releases oxygen.

43
Q

Why does hyperventilating increase the saturation of hemoglobin from 97.5% to 100%

A

Hyperventilation –> Alkalosis –> Curve shifts left and up

44
Q

What is the relationship between hemoglobin saturation and pH

A

Higher pH shifts curve to the left, increases saturation

45
Q

How is hemoglobin saturation affected by temperature

A

Colder temperatures shift the curve to the left, increase saturation.

46
Q

How does BPG affect oxygen release from hemoglobin molecules

A

More BPG shifts the saturation curve to the RIGHT, decreases saturation.

47
Q

How is fetal hemoglobin different from adult hemoglobin

A

Fetal Hb binds to oxygen more readily, shifts curve to the left.

48
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood

A
  • 70% transported as HCO3-
  • 23% bound to Hb (carbaminohemoglobin)
  • 7% dissolved in plasma
49
Q

What is the chloride shift

A

HCO3- moving out of RBCs and Cl- moving into RBCs via countertransport. Requires no ATP.

50
Q

What is hemoglobin attached to CO2 called

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

51
Q

What happens to the interstitial PO2 and PCO2 when peripheral tissues become more active

A

Interstitial PO2 falls and PCO2 rises

52
Q

How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and removal affected at active peripheral tissues

A

More oxygen is delivered and more carbon dioxide is carried away

53
Q

What are the two components of the respiratory rhythmicity centers of the medulla oblongata

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

54
Q

(Chapter 24)

What structures make up the digestive system

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

55
Q

List the six integrated steps of the digestive system

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical processing
  3. Digestion
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption
  6. Excretion
56
Q

What are mesenteries

A

Connects the parietal peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum

57
Q

What is segmentation

A

The small intestine and some portions of the large intestine undergo cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus, mixing the contents with intestinal secretions

58
Q

List the three pairs of salivary glands and describe their secretions

A

Parotid: Large amounts of salivary amylase (breaks down carbohydrates)

Sublingual: Buffer and lubricate

Submandibular: Mixture of buffers, glycoproteins called mucins, and salivary amylase

59
Q

What are the important functions of saliva

A
  • Lubricate the mouth
  • Lubricate food in the mouth
  • Dissolve
  • Contains salivary amylase and lingual lipase to begin digestion
60
Q

What is the role of the mucus that covers the interior surface of the stomach

A

An alkaline mucous layer that protects epithelial cells against the acid and enzymes in the gastric lumen

61
Q

What important products are secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric glands

A

HCl and Intrinsic factor (helps with absorption of B12)

62
Q

How is HCl produced in the stomach

A
  • Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is produced and dissociates into HCO3 and H+
  • H+ is is transported into the lumen
  • HCO3 is exchanged with Cl- ions from interstitial fluid
63
Q

What is the alkaline tide

A

Parietal cells are excreting enough HCO3 (while making HCl) to raise the body’s pH significantly

64
Q

What is the role of stomach acid (HCl)

A
  • Kills most microorganisms ingested with food
  • Denatures proteins and deactivates most enzymes in food
  • Breaks down plant cell walls and connective tissues in meat
  • Essential for activation and function of pepsin
65
Q

What important compound is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric glands

A

Pepsinogen (which is then activated by HCl)

66
Q

What are the functions of gastrin that is released by the pyloric glands

A

Gastrin stimulates secretion by both parietal and chief cells, as well as contractions of the gastric wall that mix and stir the gastric contents

67
Q

What are gherkin, lepton, and obestatin

A

Gherkin - induces hunger
Lepton - induces satiety
Obestatin - thought to decrease hunger and thirst

68
Q

Describe the three phases of gastric regulation

A

Cephalic phase: begins when you see, smell, taste, or think of food
Gastric phase: begins with the arrival of food in the stomach
Intestinal phase: begins when chyme first enters the small intestine

69
Q

What stops the digestion of lipids and carbohydrates in the stomach

A
  • Epithelial cells are covered by an alkaline mucous
  • Lack of transport mechanisms
  • Impermeable to water
  • Digestion is not yet complete
70
Q

What is the role of pepsin in the stomach

A

Digests protein

71
Q

What is the function of the duodenal glands

A

Helps raise pH of chyme from 1-2 to 7-8

72
Q

What are the three duodenal hormones

A
  • CCK (cholecystokinin)
  • Secretin
  • GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide)
73
Q

What is CCK

A

Cholecystokinin. Released when partially digested proteins and fat arrive at the duodenum.

  • Stimulates gallbladder to release bile
  • Inhibits gastric emptying
74
Q

What is secretin

A

Released when acidic chyme arrives at the duodenum. Stimulates the release of HCO3- from the pancreas.

75
Q

What is GIP

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Released when simple sugars arrive at the duodenum. Stimulates pancreas to release insulin.

76
Q

How does the liver stabilize blood glucose levels

A

If glucose levels rise - synthesize glycogen and lipids

If glucose levels fall - breakdown glycogen and synthesize glucose

77
Q

What percentage of cardiac output is received by the liver

A

25 percent

78
Q

How are antibodies handled by the liver

A

The liver absorbs and breaks down antibodies, releasing amino acids for recycling

79
Q

How are toxins addressed at the liver

A

Lipid-soluble toxins are stored in lipids, where they cannot damage cells

Other toxins are removed and broken down or excreted in bile

80
Q

What are the components of bile

A

Bile consists mostly of water, with minor amounts of ions, bilirubin (a pigment derived from hemoglobin), cholesterol, and an assortment of lipids collectively known as bile salts

81
Q

What is emulsification

A

Bile salts break fat into micelles

82
Q

What is the primary function of the cecum

A

Begins the process of compaction

83
Q

List the three vitamins that are produced by bacteria in the colon, and what are their functions

A

K - fat-soluble and required for synthesis of the four clotting factors

Biotin - water-soluble and important in various reactions, notably those of glucose metabolism

B5 - water-soluble and required in the manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters

84
Q

What are the three classes of digestive enzymes

A

Lipase, amylase, protease

85
Q

What are the fat-solvable vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

86
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins

A

B and C vitamins

87
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed

A

Bound to intrinsic factor

Advanced A&P (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions