Unit III Review Flashcards
What does a spermatozoon bind to on the zone pellucida of the secondary oocyte
Sperm receptors
What is seminal fluid
The fluid component of semen (ionic and nutrient composition)
What is hypercapnia
Elevated levels of CO2
How does respiratory alkalosis develop
Hyperventilation which lowers CO2 levels too much
How much weight is gained by the fetus in the last trimester of pregnancy
Up to 7.05 lb
What is acid-base balance
When the production of hydrogen ions in your body is precisely offset by their loss. When acid–base balance exists, the pH of body fluids remains within normal limits.
What are the main events of the proliferation phase
Epithelial cells multiply and restore the uterine epithelium
What are alleles
The various forms of a gene
What percentage of the filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle is reabsorbed at the PCT
60-70 percent
What are the three germ layers called
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
What are the renal thresholds for glucose and amino acids?
Glucose: 180 mg/dL
Amino acids: 65 mg/dL
What sperm count is considered infertile for a man
<20 million
What are the main structures of the nephron loop
Descending limb and ascending limb
What is the normal level of sodium gains and losses by the body in a day
48-144 mEq (1.1-3.3 g)
What is the chemical equation that shows the reaction between carbon dioxide and water
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3(-) + H(+)
(Chapter 28)
What are gametes
Male and female reproductive cells
What are the main differences between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
The nephron loop of the cortical nephron is shorter.
The longer loop of the juxtamedullary nephron plays an important role in water conservation and the formation of concentrated urine.
Trace the path of sperm from the testes to the external urethral orifice
Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, membranous urethra, spongy urethra, external urethral orifice
How many secondary oocytes are ovulated in a typical female in the monthly cycle
Typically one
What period of time is referred to as the period of embryological development
First two months after fertilization
What are the causes of over-hydration
- Drinking large volumes of water or infusion of a hypotonic solution
- Inability to eliminate excess water in urine
- Endocrine disorders, such as excessive ADH production
What are the main structures of the collecting system?
Collecting duct and Papillary duct
Explain how autoregulation maintains the GFR
Local blood flow regulation. Changes to the diameters of afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, and glomerular capillaries maintain GFR
What is electrolyte balance
Electrolyte balance occurs when electrolyte gains equal electrolyte losses