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APES > Units 8 and 9 > Flashcards

Units 8 and 9 Flashcards

1
Q

waste

A

closed loop
humans n=only organisms to produce trye waste
material outputs fron a sustem that are not useful or consumed

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2
Q

municipal solid waste

A

any discarded material taht isnt a liquid or gas
various sources

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3
Q

msw vs gdp

A

direclty proportional
little waste in developing countries

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4
Q

the us and waste

A

industrialization
goods became disposible: tv dinners, plastic wear, ect
rescource conservation and recoery act

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5
Q

RCRA

A

resource conservation and recovery act
1976 to address municipal waste problem
controls hazardous waste
bans open dumping

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6
Q

organic waste

A

creates furtile hummus that can be used as fertilizer
wet food and dry keaves and grass to make
not rotating the pile will lead to anaerobic donitions which leads to methane

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7
Q

open dump

A

msw dumped onto fields or in holes

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8
Q

sanitary landfull

A

msw compacterd underground in engineered holes lined w/ clay or plasic

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9
Q

incineration

A

msw burned to reduce volume and mass
can generate electricy or hear

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10
Q

reducing

A

optimal way to generate less waste
less waste = less impact
need worldwide shifts in consumer habits

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11
Q

recyclign

A

icreased drastically in last 25 yrs
reduces msw in landfills
decreases need for mining new materials
decreases pollution

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12
Q

recyclibg cons

A

expensove
uses energy and water
worsened qualiy of new products
hard to implement large scale

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13
Q

hazardous waste

A

waste that is ignitable, corosive, reactive r toxic
majrotiy is produced as a by product of industrialized waste
batteries, cleaners, moto oils, many cleaning products, and e waste

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14
Q

electronic waste

A

fasteed growing waste stream
some components are hazardous and some arent
us produces half of worlds e waste but only recycles 10%
leachate

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15
Q

leachate

A

water filters through waste and filters the chemicals in waste
nto groundwater or runoff

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16
Q

regulation of hazardous waste in US

A

US resource conservation and recovery act: regulates creation use, handling and disposal of hazardous waste
Comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liablity act: handles violations and cleanups of hazardous waste mismangement

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17
Q

open dump

A

msw dumped onto fields or in holes
mostlu in developing countries
contaiminate enviro and eildlife
leachate into groundwater or run off
anaerpbic decomp = methane

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18
Q

sanitarry landfull

A

msw compacted undergeouned in holes lined with plastic or clay
sealed and revegetated
biggest destination for msw in us
designed to hold msw q/ little contamination to enviro as possible
piped below catch leachate
located far from water
pipes catch methane and can be used to generate electricty

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19
Q

brownfields program

A

provides grants and technical assistance to communiteis to asses, safely cleanup and sustainabiy reuse contaminated properties
landfill area reclamation is included

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20
Q

cons of sanitary landfill

A

leaks in liners and pipes = water contamination and methane emission
needs space = habitat fragmentation
trucks to transport = air pollution
takes time to degrade

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21
Q

incineration

A

msw burned to reduce volume and sometimes generate electricy or heat
steam created can be use dto generate electrcy or heat
waste composed of c, h, and o is best

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22
Q

cons of incineration

A

air pollution (co2, so2, nox, particulates)
more expensive
trace metals collectedd in ash ans must be disposed f in special landfills

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23
Q

best way to dispose of waste

A

municpal: recucling, landfill, incineration
organic: compost
hazardrous: chemical neutrilization, thermal incineration, biological microbes, store in a facility, open water dump

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24
Q

physical hazards

A

exposure to UV
natural disasters
work place hazards

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25
chemical hazards
exposure, classification, biomagification, toxicity/LD50
26
biological hazard
genetics aging pathological exposure
27
cultural hazards
socioeconomic status lifestyle choices
28
chemical classification
neurotozin alleren carcinogen teratrogen endocrine disruptors
29
neurotoxin
chemicals that disrupt the nervous tissues of animals ie ddt
30
carcinogen
chemiclas that cause cancer mutagens
31
teratogen
chemicals that interfere with teh nnormal development of embreyos and fetuses ie alchol, thalidomide
32
allergens
cause allergic reactions which is a strong resoponse of the immune system ie peanuts
33
endocrine disruptors
chemicals that interere with the normal fuctioning of hormones block or enhance response
34
pollutant persistence
how long a chemcial stays in the enviro depends on temp, ph, sunlight exposure, microbe exposute, enviro half lige
35
half life
amount of time it takes for hald the chemcial to be gone in the enviro
36
pollutant solubility
bioaccumulation; absorption of a substance by an organism at a rate greater than the rate of elimiation biomagnification: increased concentration in animal tissues as chemical moved up the food chain
37
pollutant toxicit
all chemical susbtances that produce adverse health effects at so,e elevel of exposure dose response curves ld50
38
ld50
lethal dose that kills 1/2 of test subjects measued by unit of bodymas regulated by epa
39
tpxic substances control act
gives epa control to regulate chemicals except food, cosmetics and pesticides
40
lead
sourceL paint, gas, and pipes route of exposure: respitory and oral c;assificaitonL neurotoxin persistnaceL no
41
methyl-mercury
source: fish route: eating classification: neurotixin and teratogin persitence: yes-pop
42
voc-formaldehyde
soruce: combustion of building materials routes: respitory from outgassing, skin contact/absorption class: carcinogen persi: no
43
asbestos
source: insulation route: respiratory class: carcinogen persi: no
44
PCB
source: fish route: eating class: carcinogen, teratogen persi: yes-pop
45
radon
source: decay of urnanium in rocks route: inhalation class: carcinogen persi: no
46
bacteris
alive can be treated with antibiotics can cure after infecction gebins
47
virus
not alive cant be treate with antibiotics must get vaccine begore exposure
48
airbone disases
pathogen travels through air on udust tpartiles or droplets coughing and fever tuerculosis, influenza, coronaviruses, measles
49
tuberculosis
caused by bacterium highly inflectious lung disease weakness, fever, coughing blood leading cause of death by disease in developong world
50
influenza virus
swine flu: spanish flu bird flu
51
coronaviruses
zoonotic diseases that jump species MERS SARS covid-19
52
measles virus
cough, fever, conjunctivitis, skin rash highly contagious canattatch to dust and suspend in air for hours anti vax movemnet caused resurgemnt
53
waterbourne diseases
dysentary cholera
54
dysentary
fecal contamination with bateria sp. shigella causes inflammation and ulcers of the intestines that lead to diarrhea containing a lot of blood and mucus
55
cholera
fecal contamination through bacteria sp. vibrio cholerae watery diahhrea that leads to dehydration
56
madcow disease
casued by prion misfolded protein that passes down usually contained to one cow nervous system cooking does not kill personaility changes, muscle stiffness, involuntary muscle movement, dementia, and seizures
57
vector diseases
an animal that harvests the pathogen he;ps to s[read it to humans plague, malaria, lyme disease, zika virus
58
plague
caused by a bacterium rodents swollen glands, black spots, extreme pain
59
malaria
protiest mosquito flu like systems insecticides, mosquito nets, genettic engineering tech
60
lyme diesase
bacterium tick from rodents or hirds bullseye rash,, flu like symtoms, arthritis, neurological disorders long term effects
61
zika virus
mosquito babies small heads and brain damage
62
direct contact disases
uninfected person comes ino contact with an inflected person by toughing, killsin, se, or lesions stds hivs, ebola vvirus
63
hiv/aids
human immunoteficiony virus infected for life attacks immune system leads to aids sexual contact, blood transfusion, needlesharing, teratogen source: primitive pop in africa anti viral drugs
64
ebola virus
fever, vomiting, internal bleeding bat to primates vaccine
65
risk factors for chrnoic disease
Low income: piverty (malnourished, poor sanitation, suppressed immune system, unsafe water) high income: ability to tobacco, less active lifestyles, malnutrition
66
epidemcic
pathogen causes increase in disease
67
pademic
an epidemic that occurs over a large geographic region
68
causes for inreased pandemics
climat change: natural distasters spread disease humans encroach on wildlife: more zoonotic diseases air travel: more spear pathogens adapt
69
ozone formation
uv breaks apart o2 and combines to form o3
70
ultra violet light
high frequency wavelength enter skin and cause cancer uca- not blocked (deep/agining uv-b: mostly blocked (shqllo/burning) uv-c: completely blocked
71
destruction of ozone
natural: antartic winters create ice crystals that degrade winter especially in april man-made: chlorflurocarbons chrlorine catalyzes o3 to o2
72
source of cfcs
regrigerants/coolants aersol sprays blown foam
73
effects of cfcs
breaking ozone = more uv light more cancer more eye cataracts more tropospheric ozones greenhouse gas
74
tropospheric ozone formul
uv + nox + vovs =o3 and pans
75
fixing the ozone
mario molina identified cfc problems montreal protocol to ban 100 ozone depleting substances switched cfcs with hfcs which are a greenhouse gas
76
the greenhouse gas effect
Radiations from the sun are absorbed by ghg instead of being reglected into space stabalize earth atomsophere causes clomate change with anthropogenic amplification
77
co2 sources
ocean-atmosphere exchange cell respiration aerobic ecomp volcaniccombusion of ff (trasport and electricity) land use changes (tilling and deforestation)
78
co2 solutions
reduce ff usage no till agricultre replant trees
79
methane sources
wetlands fossil fules enteric digestion landfills (anaerobic decomp)
80
methane solutions
reduce ff combustion eat less beef capture methane off landfills with pipe
81
nitric oxides sources
decomp llightening volcanoes agriculture (synthetic fertilizers) combustion
82
nox sources
sustainable farming (stripp cropping and organic fertilizers) reduce ffs catalystic converters
83
ghg gasses
co2 nox methane h20 cfcs/hfcs ozone
84
ozone sources
o3 from uv in stratosphere seconday pollutant
85
ozone solutions
reduce nox
86
h2o sources
water cycle
87
cfc and hfc sources
mamade refrigerants and aerosols
88
cfc/hfc soltions
montreal protocol agreement to phase out hfcs
89
rise of temp
1 C since late 1800s watmest ten yrs since 2015: 2016, 2023, 2024
90
weather due to cc
more extreme and npredictable inc evap = droughts and wildfires inc condensation = flooding
91
melting icecaps
permafrost decreased in mass glaciers retreat rises sea level positive feedback loop release methane
92
sea laevel rise
thermal expansion added water
93
immigration/emmigration
milliona will be displaced developing countries vunerable to froughts, desertificaiton and sea rise
94
econom costs of cc
real estate destruction loss of fishing revenue natural distaster fameages
95
ocean warming
heat absorption stronger hurricanes coral reefs = bleech
96
ocean acidification
co2 = carbonic acid weaker shells
97
wildife cc effects
longer frost gree season changees in migration patterns, stress, extinction, habitat loss
98
solutions to climate change
reduce ff carbon capture cons/industry choices gov intervention nuclear/renewbles conservation and efficience tax cuts and rebates alterntiatve/public transport
99
kyoto protocol
requored only developed countires to reduce oil emissions
100
paris climate agreement
paris agreement recongized that climate change is shared problem and called to all countires to set emissions target
101
ghg potential and duration order
water, co2, methane, nox, cfc/hfcs

APES (8 decks)

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