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APES > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

ecosystems that have high levels of biodiversity also have

A

complex food wevs
many species
a veriety of ecological niches
increased genetic diversity
abundanrt resources

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2
Q

effects of biodiversity

A

increased health
increased restance
increased resilience

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3
Q

ecosystem diversity

A

the variety of habitats tht exitst in a given region
influencecs the other types
as temperature and perciptation increase, biodiversity increases
rainforests are the most diverse

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4
Q

species diversity

A

number of species in an ecosystem

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5
Q

diversity hotspots

A

gions that contain a high level of species diversity, many endemic species (species not found anywhere else in the world) and a significant number of threatened or endangered species.

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6
Q

genetic diversity

A

genetic variattion aong individual in a population
due to sexual reproduction and mxiing of genes
the more genetic variateion, the higher change to survive a disturbance

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7
Q

measuring biodiversity

A

species evenness vs species richeness

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8
Q

species richness

A

the number of different species in a given area

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9
Q

specieies eveness

A

the relative abundance of each species

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10
Q

habitat loss

A

agriculture, urbanization
primary reason for species loss
less primary procuers = less energy to be transgeredd to other trophic levels

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11
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

isolates populaitons, disrupting mating and reducing gene flow
disrupts migtaion

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12
Q

competitive exculsusion priciple

A

if 2 different spciesi living in the same territory start to fill the same niche, they will compete for the same resources and one will win and one will lose

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13
Q

winners

A

generalists, large range of tolerance, invasive species

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14
Q

losers

A

specialists
small range of tolerance
indicator species

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15
Q

invasive species

A

2nd biggest reson for species loss

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16
Q

hunting

A

3rd biggest reason for species loss
ie sharkfin soup

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17
Q

selective breeding

A

the artificial selection of desired genes by humans

18
Q

GMO

A

geneticall mondified organisms
humans sleect favorable genes and transplant any gene they want and change the organism in a ingle gerneation
helps feed people
increased profits for farmers
loss of genetic diversity

19
Q

monocroppping

A

farm only 1 crop
reduces biodiversity
degrade soil
makes crop more suspetible to diseases
loss of food security

20
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

when a population is suddenltu greaty reduced, reducing genetic diversity
even recovered, less variation
humans are increasing the frequency of them

21
Q

increasing ecosystem diversity

A

conservation of wild saces
remedation to stop human impacts
mitigation to lessen human impacts
restoration

22
Q

conservation of land

A

can isolate populations = less genetic diversity
wildlife corridors

23
Q

endangered species act

A

prohibits the import, export r takin of fish and wildlife that are listed as threatened or endangered
cointains an ammendment that allows provate landowers to modify their property under a habitat conservation plan

24
Q

CITES

A

convention on international trade and endangered species
ensures that internatonal trade of wild animals and plants does not threathn their survival

25
Q

island biogeography

A

study of ecological relationsjips and distrubions of ornaims on a island
habitat fragmentation creates artificial island
allows scientists to understand factors that affect species richness
islands closer to mainland get more diversity bc of colonization
invasive species have a greater negative impact on islands
bigger islands = more speiceis

26
Q

adaptation

A

any triat that allows an organism to etter survive or reporduce
due to natural selection

27
Q

natural selection

A

organisms must be born with their adaptation
triats that survive are passed on

28
Q

variaation

A

sexual reproducion
random mutations
more variation = netter survival

29
Q

genetic frift

A

changes in a population due to chance, random events that reduce genetic variation
bottlenecl effects
founder effects

30
Q

founder effect

A

a small group in a population splinters off form the original populajton

31
Q

ecological range of tolerance

A

range of conditions that an organism can endce
soeuceus and individuals both have a range of tolerance for all differnet environmental condidions for their habitat

32
Q

optimal zone

A

range where organisms survive, grow, and repdoduce

33
Q

zone of physiological stress

A

range where organisms survive but experience stress, lack of growth, and decreased activity

34
Q

zone of intolerance

A

range where an organism will die
thermal shock, suffocation, lack of resoruces, ect

35
Q

primary succession

A

first time life has forme on the surface
bare rock
pioneer organisms: lichen, algae, moss
break down soil by digging roots into rock and making smaller pieces
pioneer - annual flowers - perennials = shrubs- small trees- big trees - climax community

36
Q

climax community

A

the final mature community
NPP of ecosystem will increase over time

37
Q

second succession

A

begins on soil
pioneer species: annual flowers, grasses, and weeds
same prgression

38
Q

intermediate disturbance hypotehsis

A

ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disrurbances are more diverse than thosw ithh high or low rates
allows for greater ecosystem diversity = greater species diversity = greater genetic fiversity

39
Q

resistance

A

ability to remain unchanged when bein sujected to a disturbance

40
Q

resilience

A

ability and rate of an ecoysstem to recover from a distrurbance

APES (3 decks)

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