Unit 2

Question 1

ecosystems that have high levels of biodiversity also have

Answer 1

complex food wevs
many species
a veriety of ecological niches
increased genetic diversity
abundanrt resources

Question 2

effects of biodiversity

Answer 2

increased health
increased restance
increased resilience

Question 3

ecosystem diversity

Answer 3

the variety of habitats tht exitst in a given region
influencecs the other types
as temperature and perciptation increase, biodiversity increases
rainforests are the most diverse

Question 4

species diversity

Answer 4

number of species in an ecosystem

Question 5

diversity hotspots

Answer 5

gions that contain a high level of species diversity, many endemic species (species not found anywhere else in the world) and a significant number of threatened or endangered species.

Question 6

genetic diversity

Answer 6

genetic variattion aong individual in a population
due to sexual reproduction and mxiing of genes
the more genetic variateion, the higher change to survive a disturbance

Question 7

measuring biodiversity

Answer 7

species evenness vs species richeness

Question 8

species richness

Answer 8

the number of different species in a given area

Question 9

specieies eveness

Answer 9

the relative abundance of each species

Question 10

habitat loss

Answer 10

agriculture, urbanization
primary reason for species loss
less primary procuers = less energy to be transgeredd to other trophic levels

Question 11

habitat fragmentation

Answer 11

isolates populaitons, disrupting mating and reducing gene flow
disrupts migtaion

Question 12

competitive exculsusion priciple

Answer 12

if 2 different spciesi living in the same territory start to fill the same niche, they will compete for the same resources and one will win and one will lose

Question 13

winners

Answer 13

generalists, large range of tolerance, invasive species

Question 14

losers

Answer 14

specialists
small range of tolerance
indicator species

Question 15

invasive species

Answer 15

2nd biggest reson for species loss

Question 16

hunting

Answer 16

3rd biggest reason for species loss
ie sharkfin soup

Question 17

selective breeding

Answer 17

the artificial selection of desired genes by humans

Question 18

GMO

Answer 18

geneticall mondified organisms
humans sleect favorable genes and transplant any gene they want and change the organism in a ingle gerneation
helps feed people
increased profits for farmers
loss of genetic diversity

Question 19

monocroppping

Answer 19

farm only 1 crop
reduces biodiversity
degrade soil
makes crop more suspetible to diseases
loss of food security

Question 20

genetic bottleneck

Answer 20

when a population is suddenltu greaty reduced, reducing genetic diversity
even recovered, less variation
humans are increasing the frequency of them

Question 21

increasing ecosystem diversity

Answer 21

conservation of wild saces
remedation to stop human impacts
mitigation to lessen human impacts
restoration

Question 22

conservation of land

Answer 22

can isolate populations = less genetic diversity
wildlife corridors

Question 23

endangered species act

Answer 23

prohibits the import, export r takin of fish and wildlife that are listed as threatened or endangered
cointains an ammendment that allows provate landowers to modify their property under a habitat conservation plan

Question 24

CITES

Answer 24

convention on international trade and endangered species
ensures that internatonal trade of wild animals and plants does not threathn their survival

Question 25

island biogeography

Answer 25

study of ecological relationsjips and distrubions of ornaims on a island habitat fragmentation creates artificial island allows scientists to understand factors that affect species richness islands closer to mainland get more diversity bc of colonization invasive species have a greater negative impact on islands bigger islands = more speiceis

Question 26

adaptation

Answer 26

any triat that allows an organism to etter survive or reporduce due to natural selection

Question 27

natural selection

Answer 27

organisms must be born with their adaptation triats that survive are passed on

Question 28

variaation

Answer 28

sexual reproducion random mutations more variation = netter survival

Question 29

genetic frift

Answer 29

changes in a population due to chance, random events that reduce genetic variation bottlenecl effects founder effects

Question 30

founder effect

Answer 30

a small group in a population splinters off form the original populajton

Question 31

ecological range of tolerance

Answer 31

range of conditions that an organism can endce soeuceus and individuals both have a range of tolerance for all differnet environmental condidions for their habitat

Question 32

optimal zone

Answer 32

range where organisms survive, grow, and repdoduce

Question 33

zone of physiological stress

Answer 33

range where organisms survive but experience stress, lack of growth, and decreased activity

Question 34

zone of intolerance

Answer 34

range where an organism will die thermal shock, suffocation, lack of resoruces, ect

Question 35

primary succession

Answer 35

first time life has forme on the surface bare rock pioneer organisms: lichen, algae, moss break down soil by digging roots into rock and making smaller pieces pioneer - annual flowers - perennials = shrubs- small trees- big trees - climax community

Question 36

climax community

Answer 36

the final mature community NPP of ecosystem will increase over time

Question 37

second succession

Answer 37

begins on soil pioneer species: annual flowers, grasses, and weeds same prgression

Question 38

intermediate disturbance hypotehsis

Answer 38

ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disrurbances are more diverse than thosw ithh high or low rates allows for greater ecosystem diversity = greater species diversity = greater genetic fiversity

Question 39

resistance

Answer 39

ability to remain unchanged when bein sujected to a disturbance

Question 40

resilience

Answer 40

ability and rate of an ecoysstem to recover from a distrurbance