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APES > Unit 7 Water Resources and Pollution > Flashcards

Unit 7 Water Resources and Pollution Flashcards

1
Q

freshwater ecosystems

A

rivers
streams
ponds
lakes
marsh
swamp
bog

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2
Q

saltwater/marine ecosystems

A

intertidal
coral reefs
open ocean
estuaries
seagrass marsh
mangroves

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3
Q

estuaries

A

transition zone b/e rivers and ocean
brackish waters
shelterd habitats like marshes and mangroves
florifa every glades is largest

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4
Q

hyrdosphere

A

aqualtic ecosystms are all conected
watershed: a land area that channels all snowmelt and rainfall to a single point
groundwater connects marine and frewshater systems

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5
Q

ocean layers

A

intertidal zone
pelagic zoe
hydrothermic vent
abyssal zone

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6
Q

intertidal zone

A

high and low tide creates unique communities that are adapted to changes in moisture, tep, light availaility, and salinty
nutrient rich

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7
Q

pelagic zone

A

open ocean
nutrient poor

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8
Q

hydrothermal vent

A

inorganic molecules may be utilized by chemoauthtrophs

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9
Q

abyssal zone

A

no liight cold, low oxygen, high pressure, nutrient rich, salty

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10
Q

lake layers

A

littoral zone
limnetic zone
profundal zone
benthic zone

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11
Q

littoral zone

A

along the shore has emergent plants and the greatest biodiversity

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12
Q

limnetic sone

A

photic zone where light permetrates and algae/phytoplankton can be found

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13
Q

profundal zone

A

aphhotic zone where light does not penetrate
oxygen poor
sediment rich and cold
may be missing in smaller lakes

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14
Q

benthic zone

A

bottom
nutrient ricj

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15
Q

light availability

A

light needed by photoautorophs for photosyntheiss
phytoplankton are primary producers of pelagic zone
other producers include coral and kelp in shallow waters and emergent plants in wetlands
productivity of producers is correlated with dissolved oxygen concentration

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16
Q

salinity

A

measure of all salts dissolved in eater
rain, river, estuary, ocean
incerases w/ dept
range of tolerance

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17
Q

pH

A

measure of acidity through H+ ions
rainwater: 5.6
pure water: 7
seawater 8.6

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18
Q

temperature

A

decreases further from equator
decreases w/ depth
seasonal turnover: in fall, warm surface water cools and sinks, forcing bottom water to rise and recycling nutriennts

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19
Q

nutriens

A

supplied by sediments washed into estuaries by land or from upqelling of deap sea currents
allows for phytoplankton to repdofuce

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20
Q

human impact on aquatic ecosystems: run off sediments

A

construction, mining, and logging
increase turbidity
happens when roots from vegetation stabalizing soil are removed
light can’t permeate, decrease productivity
sedimetn can enter fish gills, causing suffocation and death

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21
Q

human impact on aquatic ecosystems: saltwater intrusion

A

aquifers are being drained faster than tehy can be recharged
movement of saline water into aquifers
salt doesn’t evaoprate but accumulates
creates positive feedback loop for irrigation

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22
Q

human impact on aquatic ecosystems: ocean acidicaton

A

diffusion of co2 into ocean to create carbonic acid
carbonic acid dissociates fo form free H ions tgat bind carbonate, creating weaker shells, huring animals

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23
Q

human impact on aquatic ecosystems: climate change

A

due to ff combustion
ocean absorbd a lot of increased heat
coral reefs bleach = loss of biodiversity

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24
Q

human impact on aquatic ecosystems: fertilizer run off

A

nitrogen and phosphorus cause algae to blom
blocks sunlight
alage dies and is decomposed by bacteria
bacteria suck up ozygen leading to marine life death

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25
human impact on aquatic ecosystems: dams
sendiment trap decreasing downstream supply of nutrients vital to plankton erodng coastlines migration and reproduction of fish impacted
26
human impact on aquatic ecosystems: destruction of mangroves
one of most biodiverse ecosystems contain fish nurseries prevent coastal erosion and reduce flooding services dissapeat when destroyed for urban or agricultural land
27
human impact on aquatic ecosystems: commercial fisihing
new tech are too efficient and unregulated tragedy of the commons decline of fish pops bycatch destruction of ocean floor noise polltion overfishing
28
human impact on aquatic ecosystems: loss of keystone species
habitat loss, hunting results in trophic cascades = loss of biodiversity
29
human impact on aquatic ecosystems: invasive species
generalists taht outcompete native specialists disrupt food webs and decrease biodiversity make ecosystems more vuneralble to futher disruptions ie lionfish in florida key
30
point source
single, identifiable source of a pollutantno
31
nonpoint source
contributions form many sources accumulating over a wide area, eventually reaching levels that effect water quality ie run off
32
point sources
sewage discharge pipes thermal pollution noise pollution acid mine drainage lead pipes oil spills
33
point source: sewage discharge pipes
wastewater from humans or CAFOs nutrients craete eutrophication decomposition of waste depletes oxygen leves and created high BOD disase causing organisms: diarrhea, stomach flu, typhoid, cholera, hepatists, ect
34
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
the amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a period of time higher = more pollution inverse relationship with DO
35
point source: thermal pollution
sudden inc in water temp happens around seam powered plants pump water to cool down steam and release warm water bck to source lowers DO out of ROT leads to stress and death regulated unded EPA by clean water act
36
point source: noise pollution
many animals depend on echolocation and vocal noises to communicate, ,find food, reproduce, and migrate noise comes form shipping, sesmic surveysm, oil exploration, and military sonar disrupt migration, communcation (especially mammals)
37
point source: acid mine drainage
abandoned mines fill w/ water water and air react w/ pyrite and breack down into iron and sulfuric acid low pH makes other heavy metals in rocks soluable kills animals
38
point source: lead pipes
drinking water contaminated through pipes under safe drinking water act: baned in 1986 but old stayed no safe exposure level: neurotoxin flint michigan
39
point source: oil spills
clogs gills birds cant fly no insulation of fur = hypothermia heart damage, stunted growth, immune system effecs, death
40
deepwater horizon oil spill
2010 gulf of mexico largest in history surge of natural gas blasted through cement wall 1300 mi killed 11 workers and 1000s animls
41
exxon valdex oi spill
1989 alaska prince william sound oil tanker hit reef 11 mil galls over 1300 mi
42
remediation of oil spills
containment: booms keep oil from spreading, vaccuums suck and skimmers used chemicals: disperants and detergents break up on surface bruning: air polluion bioremidation: bacteria consumes oil
43
nonpoint source: sedimentation
high turbidity reduced sunlight = less NPP clog gills = suffocation farms, constructoin, mining remove roots solutions: no till farming, cover crops, selective cutting, replant vegetaion, buffer strps along rivers
44
nonpoint source: fertilisers
phosphorus leading kimiting factor eutrophicaiton BOD inc and DO dec
45
persistance and biomaginifcation
many of the remainung pollutants are persistant organic pollutants (POP) bioaccumulate and biomagnifcation
46
nonpoint source: mercury
inorganic that comes from the burning of fosisl fuels, incentreation of garbagem abd gazardous waste of medical supplies bacteria convert inorgnaic mercrucy to methylmercury a neurtoxic POP hurts deevloping fetusign
47
nonpoint source: synthetic organic compounds
enters bodies through eating and drinkjng many are POPs endocrine disruptors industry compounds, pharmacueticals and mediciens, plastics, pesticides
48
endocrine disruptors
chemicals that mimic or interderes with the bodys hormones
49
nonpoint source: industrial compounds
polchlorinated biphenyls endorirne disdrupter usedin electial equopment carconogenic vanned in 1979 but stays around for decardes
50
nonpoint source: pharmacueticals and medicines
end up in the natural water due to runoff and wastewater treatment plants not desinfed to removet them endocrine disruptors: effect fertility, getaion, and embryonic development antibiotics, non persruption drugs, and steriods in sterams
51
nonpoint source: plastics
directly harm respitory and difestrive tract of aquatic life broken down by UV radiation adn water into micro plastics that are igested and accumukate as POP ither chemicals attach to plasitcs interfere with normal cellular functions endocrine desitupor BPA
52
nonpoint source: pesticides
epa responsible for report persistant and biomagnify unintended targets (broad spectrum) can cause cancer, birth defects, miscarriages, endocrine disrutions pesticide treadmill
53
pesticide solution
organic fertilizers: hummus, microbiome, no NOx ie manure and compost
54
fresh water
2.5% of all water .5% is available 3/4 from rivers, lakes and reserviours 1/4 from groundwater aquifers 80% withdeawn for cooling, power plants, and irrigation
55
impacts of freshwater depletion
depletion of aquifer salt water intrusion (positive feedback loop) poor agricultural practices leads to soil degredation (pos feedback loop) climate change is causing shift in biomes, extreme weather, changes to the natural water cycle
56
soultions to fresh water depletion
dams diversion (water rich to water poor areas) inrease conservation and efficiency: plant native (xenscape), drip or spray irrigation, deslation with distillation or reverse osmosis
57
aral disaster
soviet untion irrigation dverted 2 rivers that fed the aral sea shrinkung it to 10% no a polluted, salty desert
58
distillation
heating salt water untik it evaportaes, sakt keaves, and condenses back to freshwater
59
reverse osmosis
pump salt water through a porous membrane not feasible everywhwer bc of high cost and energy salt is tossed vack into ocean replace parts a lot
60
dysentary
spread by fecal contaminaiton with bacteria sp. shigella cuases inflm,ation of the intestines that lead to diarreah containinf blood and mucus
61
cholera
spread by decal containation with bacteria vibrio cholrae causes profuse watery diarrhea that leads to rapid dehydration and death
62
laws and regulations of pollution
clean water act: protects water by maintianing and restorying its natural chemical, physical, and bioogical properties limits of pollutants, point source illegal w.out permit safe drinking act: national standards for safe drinking water establishes maximum containment levels for 77 suvstabces
63
rural wastewater treatnebt
homes fitted with gravity dependent septic tanks septic tank seperates wastewater into 3 layers leach field: underground perorated pipes laid out bekiw syrface were bacteria degrade effluent and recycle nutrients
64
urban wastewater treatment
treats sewage from toilets treats gray water from showers, dhsiwasher, laundrym and faucets
65
waste water treatment steps
primary: physical removal of large objects such as sticks, rocks, ect; solif waste falls to bottom of tnk secondary: biological treatment breakdown of organic matter into co2 and inorganic sludge by bacteria tertiary: ecologcail or chemical treatments to remove nitrogen, phosphorus, and bacteria with chlorine, UV radiation, and ozone
66
legal sewage dumps
in periods of heacy rain, the combo of storm water and wastewater overwhelms capcity of the treatment plants treatment plants are allowed to bypass normal protocol and pump vast amounts of wastewater direcly into bodeis of water
67
water quality indicator: nitrate
elevated levels signify polllution from soruces like fertlizers, manure, or sewage
68
water quality indicator:phosphate
elevated levels signify problems like excessive agal growth, eutrophication indicates pollution from agricultural runoff or wastewater discharge
69
water quality indicator: fecal coliform
presence suggests recent fecal contaminations risk of harmful pathogens not harmful itself nut signifies that there are harmful orgnamsism
70
water quality indicator: turbidity
signifies presence of more particles poor clarity used to monitor for contianment
71
water quality indicator: temperature
imapcts the chemistry of water ROT affects DO, metabolic rates, ect
72
water quality indicator: pH
change confitms toxic chemicals and push organisms aside of their ROT
73
water quality indicator: DO
low do = poor water quality can identify if a body of water can support life
74
water quality indicator: species diveristy
high = healthy ecosystem w/ good water quality low = potential pollution of eniro stress
75
water quality indicator: BOD
indicator of level of organic pollution in a water body high = more organic matter and less DO = poor water quality
76
wetlands
areas where water cover the spil for all or part time can be coastal or inland vary due to soil, topographym climate, chemistry, vegetation, and tieds take up 3-6% of global area
77
mangroves/wetlands: supporting servieces
higher NPP than any other coystem mangroves are one of most biodiverse ecosystems rich soils, losts of plants, land and water niches jabitat for nurseries no mangroves = no baby fish - no adult fish = ocan and fishery collapse
78
mangroves/wetlands: provionary services
food from fishing also water and timber
79
mangroves/wetlands: regulating services
water purifaction: slow water allows for pollutants to settle to bottom; nutrients are broken down by microbes or used by plants flood protection: soil can absorb water link a sponge, think vegetiaon as barrier water infliltration: groundwater is recharged as water sits on soils carbon sequesteraiton: absrobes most carbon per hectare than any other systsm
80
mangroves/wetlands: cultiral systems
spritual beatuiful recreation and tourism
81
huamn impact on mangroves/wetlands
havitat loss: 53% destroyed = number 1 reason for habitat loss dams: sediment trap = no nutrients downstream and eroding coastlines and disrrupting fish mirgation invasive species: 2nd biggest reson bc generalists outcompete sepecialists run off pollution: concentraiton of pollutants such as fertlizers and pesticdes increase exponentially as they are an "outlet" point of water shed
82
ocean supporting services
hydrological cycle o2 production (phytoplankton) biodiversity
83
coral reefs supporting services
most productive (high NPP) and biodiverse ecosystetm 25% of marine life dependent on them
84
coral reefs
colonial polyp animals called cnidarians share a mutualistic relationsjip w/ zooxanthellae secrete calcium carbone skeleton live in photic zone, warm, tropical
85
regulating services of ocean
carbon sequesteration (largest sink due to limestone and sedimentation) climate regulation upwelling due to winfs (benthetic zone up)
86
regulating services of coral reefs
erosion control coastal protection
87
provisioning services of ocean
food water medicine
88
cultural services of te ocean
soiritual beauty recreation and tourism
89
solutions to commercial fishing
individual transferable quotas aquaculture turtle exlusion devices
90
fossil fuel use on ocean
ocean warming= sea lavel rise, outside rot ocean acidificaiton = carbonic acid destroyes limestoen
91
solutions to loss of coral reefs
building artifical reefs: obselete items used to substrate foor reefs and homes for fish but most have faied artificaially breeding heat resistant coral

APES (8 decks)

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