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APES > Unit 4 Part 2: Land and WaterUse > Flashcards

Unit 4 Part 2: Land and WaterUse Flashcards

1
Q

human nutriiton

A

50% of habitable land
33% of the world’s population are malnourished

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2
Q

positive feedback loop of poverty

A

undernutritrition is mostly caused by poverty
famine

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3
Q

malthus hypothesis

A

believed that humans are condemned by the tendency of our population to grow geometrically while food productionn increases arithmetically leading to worldwide hunger and war
overlooked demographic transititions and technological advancements

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4
Q

history of agriculture

A

invented 10,000 yrs ago
small family farming

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5
Q

norman borlaug

A

father of the green revolution
went to mexico and fixed their disease ridden yleid

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6
Q

green revolution definition

A

shift from small, family farms to large, industrialized agrobisiness in the 1960s
improved and increased food outputs
farms size increase

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7
Q

green revolution: the good

A

food supply exceeded world popultion growth
farmers increased efficiency and profitability
enough grain grown for 8 billion people
grain is only half of the food we produce

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8
Q

green revolution: the bad

A

small farmers oftentimes cant compete with agrobusiness
increased monocropping, tilling, mechanization, fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides

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9
Q

monoculture

A

can be planted, treated, and harvested at the same time = more profit and efficiency
reduced biodiversity
use of gmos

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10
Q

tilling cons

A

loss of soil biodiversity
soil erosion
compaction
waterlogging
no soil horizons
releases stored carbon

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11
Q

mechanization

A

profitable
co2 emissions bc of fuel
compaction
soil erosion

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12
Q

fertlizers cons

A

run-off and eutrophication
salination of soil
releases nitric oxcides into atomosphere
soil acidicication

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13
Q

gmos

A

nutritionally equivalent
keep costs down
i.e. corn, soy
reduce biodiversity
interbreed with wild strains
new allergies

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14
Q

tilling pros

A

makes planting crops easier
kills insect larvae
kills weeds
aerates soils
mixes in fertilizers

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15
Q

fertilizer pros

A

more concentrated
easy to apply
easily abssorbede
increases yields

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16
Q

irrigation cons

A

depletes groundwatere
causes soil salination due to saltwater intrusion and from an excess of minerals

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17
Q

ogallala aquifer

A

larges aquifer in us
w/in 50 yrs it is expected to be 70% depleted
used to irrigate crops

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18
Q

pesticides cons

A

persistant pesticides stay in environment for a long time, resulting in bioaccumilation and biomagnification
unintended targets
rn off
hurt biodiversity
can cause cancer
resistance`

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19
Q

goals of sustainable agriculture

A

increase biodiversity
increase soil health and decreae erosion
reduce greenhouse gas emissions
reduce irrigation use
reduce chemical fertilizer use
reduce pesticide use

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20
Q

polyculture

A

harvesting more than 1 crop on a farm
uses perennial and cover crops

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21
Q

crop rotation

A

switch crops evey yr
can still use large machines
sitll monoculture
less fertlizers: nitrogen depleters switch with fixers
less pesticides: larvae cant establish f plants keep changing

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22
Q

intercropping/strip cropping

A

2+ species are planted at the same time
improves crop yield
encorages infiltartion and synergistic interactions
reduces soil erosion
promotes biodiversity
nitrogen fxung plants reduce fertilizer useq

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23
Q

agroforestry

A

incorporating trees onto farmland
increases biodivsersity
trees act as buffer to reduce fertlizer runoff
windbreaks amd deep roots to reduce soil erosion
roots help water infiltration
added matte from trees helps increase soil productivity
provisioning services
increase bird pop = pest control

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24
Q

alley cropping

A

plant trees on eith side of an alley of crops

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25
no till farming
reduce erosion as roots are left natural horizons more microbes retained moistyre less co2 emissions
26
buying and selling locally
cut down on carbon emissions
27
organic fertilizers
naturally produced humus feeds soil microbiome doenst contribure to NOX emissions
28
composting
creation of hummus enhances sil structure cec and fertlility
29
drip irrigation
most effcient at reducing water loss and evaporation expensive and not practical on large scake
30
contour farming
planting parallel to topography reucde water and wind erosion done concurrently with strip farming
31
terrace farming
building steps/terraces reduce water runiff and soil erosion concurrently with contour farming
32
intefrated pest management
limit use of pesticides crop rotation: larvae cant establish pest-resistant crops: gmos more predators: agroforestry and covercrops
33
organic meaning
no synthetic pesticides or fertlizers no gmos
34
meat consumption
increased worldwide developed = 40% of diet developing: 5% of diet
35
percent of animals that are livestock
60
36
what percent of the land in the world using to raise livestock
50
37
percent of grain diverted to livestock
40
38
inefficiency of meat
20 times more land to produce the same amount of calories as plants 10 times more water
39
cafos
animals kept in high density concentrations in fenced areas fed grains to grow faster given antibiotics
40
cafos pros
incerases efficiency and profitablity use less land per head of livestock decreases cost for consumer
41
cafos cons
incresed greenhiuse gases: machines, nox from fertilizers, enterif digestion antibiotic resistance waste disposal contamination zoonotic ethics
42
free range
allows animals to graze on grass rangelands
43
free range pros
ethically better more holisitc/natural no antiobiotis or hormones natural fertlizer more nutrients
44
free range cons
ghg emissions water use run off = disease stream bank erosion = turbidity eutrophication more expensive uses more land tragedy of the comons
45
nomadic regeneratice grazing
herds move seasonally productiev feedigng grounds over long distances sustainabke hard to maintian as demand for meat increases
46
tropical rainforest
near equator stable, high temps lots of precipitaion highest biodiversity large trees, epiphyrws poor soil
47
temperate rainforest
yr round rainfall large old growth trees higher latittudes cooler temos
48
temperate deciduoud forest
mid latitude forest dominated by deciduous trees which lose leaves miderate rainfakk all 4 seasons
49
taiga/boreal/coniferous foret
lzrgest biome cokd, dry short summers conniffers = dont lose leaves
50
supporting services of forests
support biodiversiy photosynthesis/NPP soil formation biochemical cyline polination
51
forest regulation services
regulate climate change by co2 sequesteration purfiy air and water roots protect rom soi erosionn
52
forst cultural services
recreation hiking beauty spirtuallity education
53
forest provisioning services
timber freshwater food
54
cons of cuttign dow n tree
negatice externalities loss of biodiversiy soil eroion = runoff and turbidity nutrient depletion climate change
55
why cut down trees
timber timber: building and charcoal urbanization agriculture: farming and ranching mining biomass fuel
56
high grade logging
first method of logging only cut down good trees good trees couldmt grow back bc saplings cant compete
57
logging in us
united states forest service mainain forest lands and viodiversity most itmber operations are private national forests in echange for a royalty efforts are subsidized
58
clear cutting definition
removing all trees in an area removes shrubs land applied with herbicides replanted can be sustainable
59
clear cutting pros
similar to a healthy disturbance can act a s abuffer aginst a wildfire most efficient cheapest allows trees who need full sun to regrow
60
selective cutting definition
removal of single trees in small numbers from a forest aka thinning done mostly in national and multiple species forests
61
selective cutting pros
maintains biodiversity forests are more sistant and resilient to disturbances more co2 sequesteraion minimizes soil erosion adn run off
62
clear cutting cons
more soil erosion, especialyl on slopes less transpiration habitat fragmentation aesthetically displeasing takes forests a long time to regrow monovultures reduced biodivrsity
63
selective cutting cons
expensive and time consuming saplings that need direct sunligh t wont grow
64
logging in tropical raingorest
unsustaianable deforestation agriculture land for soy and cattle, and palm oil loss of biodiversity release of co2
65
forest laws and regualations
silviculture: regrowing trees green-up ruke: planted seedlings must reach certain requirments in order to be harvested
66
sustainable forestry
slective cutting on slopes to prevent erosion reduce,reuse, recycle: different building materials prescribed burns: revitalizes forests
67
fish
major protein source for 3 billion people very popular in africa and asia kargest traded food commodity in the world
68
long line fishing
a fishing line drifts behind the boat with differtn hooks to catch fish
69
drift nets
giant curtains of fine net pulled behind boat snare fish by their gills
70
purseseine
giant net with 2 drawstigns catch whole schools of fish
71
trawing
cone shaped net frags behind the boat enivronmentlaly destructuve
72
sonar fishing
subs, boats, or planes location fish dan impact the navigation systems of marine mammals like whales
73
impacts of commerical fishing
loss of fish sticks bycatch destruction of sea floor pollutuin loss of biovisersity
74
loss of fish stocks
new fishing techs are unregulated tragedy of the commons decline of fish pop of 90% since 1950 ie atlantic code
75
bycatch
accidental, unwanted catch endangers other species
76
ocean loss of biodiversity
food web collapesed altered ecosystems chanages in redator pray interactions, symbiotic relationshops and competitive interactions
77
solutions to commeerical fishing
laws and regulations TEDS educaiton aquaculture
78
fishing regulations and laws
establish more protected areas endagered pesecis act cites individual transferable quotas improve monitoring and enforecement: fish and wildlife
79
TEDs
turtule exculsion devices regulatied by NOAA (national oceanic and atmospheric administration)
80
aquaculture
man made tanks farming of marine life
81
aquaculture pros
efficient and cost effective dan meet supply and demand allows wild popuations to grwo back
82
aquaculture cons
destruction of coastal areas wastewater contamination increased chance of disease may escape and intervreed ethics
83
intefrated multi trophic aquaculture
cultivate all triphic levels ise waste nutrients to feed lower levels
84
energy
flows from sun arriving as radiation and leaving as heat
85
matter
recycles through abiotic and biotic factors
86
source
releases more than it stores
87
sink/reserviour
stores mroe than it realease
88
the water cycle
driven by heat considered a fast cycle
89
water reserviours
ocen is largest icecaps and groundwater
90
evaporation
heat energy turns liquod water to a gas
91
transpiration
water drawn from roots and out of leaves of plants
92
water cycle steps
1) condensation: clouds 2) preciptaion
93
effects of precipitation
surface runoff to water shed infilitration (and percolation)
94
watersheds
an area of land that drains all precipitated water to a singular point determined by topography
95
human impact on water cycle
impermeable concrete urban island hat damns depleteion of groundwater climate change
96
impermeable concrete on watercycle and watersheds
increases run off = flooding reduces infiltratoin and groundeater recharge
97
dams on watercycle and watershed
changes watersheds blocks sediment and nutrients from flowing downstream loss of biodiversity fish migration harmed
98
depletion of groundwater
loss of a freshwateer resouce economic losses use drip irrigation set limits create healthier soil
99
climate change on wateer cycle
warmer weather means more evaporation more condensation heavier rain more flooding
100
water in the biosphere
living thigs are 70% water transpiration
101
edges of the watershed
divides
102
watershed characteristics
area: larger ones are more prone to pollutants slope: steeper watersheds have more erosion soil tyoe: sandy soils are more permeable vegetation: decreases erosion
103
mountaintop removal and logging on watersheds
changes divides and increases sediment poltution due to vegetation loss
104
mountaintop removal and logging on watersheds solutuoins
reclamation efforts by adding topsoiol and vegetatiob subsurface mining selective cutting
105
solutions to impermeable concrete on watercycle and water sheds
install more greenspace build with permeable concrete
106
solutions to dams on watercycle and watershed
removal of dam install fish ladders
107
overuse of aquifers of watershed
used for irrigation and personal consumerism depletes groundwater and its recharge droughts and biodiversity
108
overuse of aquifers of watershed solutions
drip irrigation recycle and reuse water sets limits to water yse increase price for water use to deter usage
109
pollution on watersheds
fertlizers eutrophications other pollutants
110
pollution on watersheds solutions
decrease fertliizer use )no till, crop rotation, strip cropping) buffer strips: deeprooted vegetation
111
characteristics of urban areas
have high population densitites built up not out jobs are not argriculturaly related mass transit systems
112
benegits of urbanization
compact designs and reduce habitat loss mass transit = less co2 reducided per capita use of resouces technologcally and socially interconnected short travel from need to need
113
urban sprawl
urbanzied area that spread into rural areas encroaches on natural land: habitat loss and fragmentation suburbs: build out not up
114
reasons people move to suburbs
urban blight quality of life qutomobiles and highways gov policies
115
urban blught
declining infastructure in inner cities lower income residents usually cant be aford the house or the car to commute = more affluent in suburbs suburbs have beeter opportunities and more money positive feedback loop
116
quality of lige
american drea, cheaper to live in suburbs netter schools and air no noise pollution more natural
117
automobiles and highways
increase use of cars lower gas prices
118
gov policies
taxes: cities have higher taxes zoning ferderally subsidized mortgages in suburbs (redlining) gerrymandering
119
urbaniztion cons
habitat loss and fragmentation c02 hurt water cycle urbam island heat
120
co2 from urbanization
respitaroy issue like asthma landfills releae methane less green space = less photosynthesis
121
effect on watercycle from urbanization
impermeable concrete pump from quifers= salwater intrusion interbasin transfers
122
causes of urban island heat
waste heat from industry and vechcules trapped in low albedo ;ess trees to provide transpiration
123
soilutions to habitat loss and fragentation dude to urbanization
wildlife corridors reduce urban spwarl smart growth
124
smart growth
1) create mixed lands 2) range of housing opportuinities and choice 3) walkable neighborhoods 4) encoruage comunity and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions 5) compact building designs 6) foster distincitve, attractive communtieis with a strong snese of place 7) preserve open smace, farmland, ane beuary 8) more transporation chocies 9) strengthen and direct development toward exsistinc communities 10) make development decisions fair and cheap
125
solutions to c02 from urbanizaiton
plant vegetation mass transit renewable energies
126
soultions to effects on water cycle by urbanization
desalination facilities greenspaceies permeable concrete
127
solutions to urban island heat
factories on city outskirts light colored materieas more greenspaces use less energy

APES (8 decks)

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