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APES > Unit 5 Energy Resources and Consumption > Flashcards

Unit 5 Energy Resources and Consumption Flashcards

1
Q

nonrenewable energy source

A

exist in a fixed amunt and involve energy transformation that cant be easily replaced

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2
Q

renweable energy source

A

can be replenished natually, at, or near the rate of consumption, and reused

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3
Q

fossil fuels

A

coal, oil, and natural gas
form of mills of yrs from the decay of fossils with heat and pressure
primary energy source around the world
when combusted, released co2

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4
Q

types of renewable energies

A

wind, solar, hyfro, biomass, and geotjermal

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5
Q

global energy consumption

A

20% of pop uses 80% of energy
china 23% and US 17%
developing major source; biomass
developed major source- fossil fuels
US uses 89% ff
increasing demand for energy due to increasing pop and demographic transition

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6
Q

limitations on energy

A

availaility- differs on region
price- people want their energy to be as cheap as possible (ff)
gov regulations- lobbying, monetary incentives

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7
Q

how electricity is harvested

A

turbine spins generator which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
power grid carries electricy to houses

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8
Q

cogeneration

A

when a fuel source is used to generate both heat and electricy
waste heat biols water to turn a stam turbine

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9
Q

energy star program

A

run by EPA and US Department of Energy
appliances and tech get the logo id they meet strict eneergy efficiency standards

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10
Q

passive solar design

A

uses angles of solar readation through the year to maintain indoor temp
face sun to take advantage
use inslation
energy efficient windows and floors to trap coola nd warm air
green roofs to insulate summer and absorb co2

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11
Q

gov regulations to reduce ff

A

reward switiching to renewables, energy efficiency and enerfy conservation- improve public transport and offer tax credits for retrofitting
penalize use of ff, lack of edfficiency, or lack of consercation- taxes, set standards

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12
Q

solutions to ff

A

switch to renewables
increase energy efficiency
conserve energy

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13
Q

ff pros

A

easily available
cheap
high er oei
infastructure already in place

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14
Q

ff cons

A

non renewable
land distrubed
climate change- co2

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15
Q

cell respiration

A

c6h12o6 -.> co2 +h20 + ATP
inside cells
controlled, with many steps
body temp
slow release of heat

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16
Q

ff combusion

A

CxHx + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
outside living things
fast, single step
high temp
burst of intense heat

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17
Q

coal

A

USA 28%, Russia 18%, China 13%
all caol starts off as peat
heat, pressure, and depth contributes to the various coal types and their qualities
peat - lignite - bituminous - Anthracite
made from terrestrial fossils

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18
Q

bituminous

A

most popular

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19
Q

anthracite

A

best to use

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20
Q

peat

A

an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter
a biofuel

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21
Q

coal pros

A

most abundant ff
litle refining needed before coal is put in broiler
ideal for stationary combustion applications
powerplants/industry/electrcity

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22
Q

coal cons

A

pollution - dirtiest ff (sulfur, mercyruy, lead, arsenic, ash)
mining- habitat loss, sediment pollution, tailing and acid mine drainage
human health consequences like respitaroy illnuess

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23
Q

oil

A

middle east, venezeula, canada
us produced 56.5% of its oil
OPEC
reliance on other countries changes gas prices
comes from marine fossils

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24
Q

OPEC

A

the organization of the pertrleum exporting countries is an intergovernmental organixxation of 13 countries that controls petroleum producion and prices

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25
conventional oil
fluid mix of hydrocarnons, water, and sulfur that occurs in undergrund deposits less dense than rock so it floats to the surface to be extracted transported by pipe or supertanker to rifenery
26
tar sands oil
mix of clay, sand, water, and viscous bitumen not ideal- needs a lot of processing occurs to keep up with demand Alberta, Candada has largest deposit 3x more pollution than conventional oil depletes and pollutes freshwater
27
uses of crude oil
fluid nature makes it ideal for trnaportation fractional distillation
28
fractional distillation
crude oil is heated and made into specific fuel types depending on boiling points asphalt, diesal, gas, ect
29
oil pros
fuels transmortation quick to start or shut off more energy dense than coal nad produces less co2
30
oil cons
refining is complex and dangerous air pollution oil spills tar sands habitat loss
31
oil spills
clogs gills birds cant fly ruins insulating properties of fur, creating hypothermia is toxic, causing heart damage, stundted growth, death, ect
32
natrual gas
found in pockets above oil 80-95% methane used for electricity, heating/cooling and cooking
33
natural gas pros
cleanest ff less co2, so2. mercury, ect
34
natural gas cons
air pollution- co2, escaped methane gas (worse) hydraulic fracking causes earthquakes and groundwater contamination
35
nuclear energy
non-renewable uranium ore is refined and enriched into pellets
36
nuclear fission
pellets get lined into fuel rods and put into reactor fission occurs- neutron strikes nucleus, creating heat energy chain reacton
37
nueclear energy containment structure
building that provides an extra layer of protection in case of a meltfown control rods: inserted b.w fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons and prevent meltdowns and fires; control heat of reaction
38
nuclear reactor
heat caused by nuclear dission heats water into steam steam turns a turbine, and a generator converts kinetic energy into potential energy
39
cooling towers
cool water can recycle water some draw water from a body of water produces large amounts of steam into atmosphere
40
nuclear energy consumption
plants built b/w 1970 and 2000 10% of worlds energy is nuclear, 20% of US, 69% of france, and 55% of ukraine
41
nuclear energy pros
doesnt contribute to climate change highest ei oer can be done on a large scale consistentlu
42
nuclear energy cons
thermal pollution in nearb water- out of range of tolerance, less oxygen accidents-radioactive waste can cause cancer, deformities, and death
43
three mile island, pennsylvania (1979)
loss of coolant and partial core meltdown due to pperator errors and technical flaows small release of radioactivr gas
44
chernobyl, ukraine (1986)
flawed reactor design and inadequate safety procedutes led to power surge that damage fuel rodes, explided, amd meltded doen spread across europe
45
fukushima, japan (2011)
a earthquake damaged 3 reactors loss of backup power led to overheating, meltdown
46
radioactive waste disposal
wet storage- spent fuel rods spend 2-5 yrs in concrete and stel lined pool water cools rods and shields workers form radiation dry storage- abovegrround steel and concrete containers, below ground sealed w/ rocks and clay
47
nuclear waste
radiotoxic lidetime is 1000-10000 yrs
48
half life
time ti takes for half a sample to radioactively decay
49
pros of renewables
doesnt contribute to air polluation as mauch as fossil fuesl sourcibg does not cause as much lad impact as extraction of fossil fuels
50
cons of renewables
most do not produce enough energy alone to meet demand limited by reigon less er oei
51
biomass
aby organic (carbon based) energy source ie wood, charcoal, peat, ethanol, ect energy can be traced back to solar energy that was concerted to chemical enerfy during photosytnesis primary energy source in developing countries
52
biomass pros
easily accessbible relatively inexpensive produces heat for cooking food and warmth turns into biofuels
53
biomass cons
deforestation- overharvesting of trees for fuel air pollution- co2, co, nox, pm, vocs respitaroy issues
54
ethanol
biofuel that began as a renewable gas alternative to gasoline makes up 10%
55
ethanol pros
reduces reliance on foreign oil supplies supprots us farmers burns neutral carbon -> plant photosyntthesis to combustion = closed system
56
ethanol cons
crops used for fuel could feed people less energy dense than gas more costly habitat loss farming process releases a lot of carbon
57
solar energy
using solar raditation to create heat or electricy is expected to become the largest renewable energy source in the us 30 degrees are best spot
58
active solar energy
conrentrating solar power or thermal electricy generation uses mechanical and electrical equipment to concentrate solar enrgy to heat water, steam, turbine, electricy
59
photovoltaic solar cells
solar panels transforms captured solar energy straight into electrical energy sunlughts energy from thin layers of semiconducting material
60
soalr energy pros
no emissions can generate electricy or heat large and small scale applicatons economically feasavle
61
solar energy cons
expensive limited by geographic region dependent on weather manufacturing can release toxic metals and chemicals could impact fragile desert ecosystms
62
hydroelectric power
power generated by kinetic energy of moving water turibine to generator to power grid
63
tidal hydroelectric power
takes advatage of the flow and ebb of tides to spin the turbines pro: efficient con: cant be a major eneryg source
64
run of river hydroelectric power
retained behind a low dam, no reservoirs pros: little flooding, river flow not as disrupted cons: smaller, unpredictable
65
dams hydroelectri c power
impounding water behind a large conrete wll along a river
66
damn pros
constant fewshwater reservoir constant and reliable no air pollution or waste reduce downstream flooding
67
dam cons
expensive to build risk of catastrophic failure, widespread flooding habitat distruction disrpution of fish migration and spawning (can put in ladders)
68
wind energy
uses kinetic energy of wind ot spin a turbine to generator to power grid fastest growing source of electricity in the world number 1 energy source in us
69
wind distribution
coastal areas large expansions of flate land: polar regions, temperate grasslamds
70
wind energy pros
nondepeletable no pollutants windfarms can share land with other uses or be in ocean and nt use land at all inexpensive
71
wind energy cons
unpredicatble and not consistant batteries for storage are expensive and hard to recycle bird and bat collisims noise and aesthetic issues
72
geothermal energy
water is pmuped down an injection well and warmed by the natural heat coming from under earths crust steam to turbine to generator to power grid convection currents bring magma toward crust at plate boundries and hotspots
73
geothermal energy pros
no co2 emissions or waste reliable
74
geothermal energy cons
geographically restricted impact on groundwater
75
hydrogen fuel cells
renewable alterantive to gas 2h2+ o2 = electical energy and 2 h20 open system wher ehysdrogen gas is added continoususly so battery never dies h2 are split into h+ protons and free electrons protons are captured by membrane electrons take path downa wiwre to create a current o from air combines with h+ to create water vapor us, indonesia/phillipines, and then turkey
76
where do we get hydrogen gas
from water 5% from natural gas 95%
77
hydrogen fuel cells pros
no harmful emissions no land use electricity is more efficient than gas no recharging little noise can power large cehicles
78
hydrogne fuel cells cons
building fuel cells is expensive sourcing hydrogen requires a lot of energy and produces co2 storing hydrogen-explosive gas

APES (8 decks)

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