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APES > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Thermosphere

A

Not many gases
Where satellites orbit ans the aurora’s are found

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2
Q

Mesosphere

A

Coldest layer
Where most meteorites burn
1st layer to have atmospheric gasses

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3
Q

Stratosphere

A

Where ozone is that protects us from uv radiation
No weather

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4
Q

Exosphere

A

Space

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5
Q

Troposphere

A

1st 10 km
Where airplanes fly and weather occurs

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6
Q

Weather

A

Short term changes of an area
Occurs in troposphere

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7
Q

Climate

A

Long term average weather of an area

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8
Q

Atmosphere

A

78% nitrogen ans 21% oxygen
Air has more weight and density closer to ground
Higher you go = lower temp and lower pressure

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9
Q

Factors that contribute to climate ans weather

A

Earths tilt and orbits
Unequal heating kf earth
Atmospheric convention current
Earths rotation
Oceans
Microclimayes

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10
Q

Earths tult and orbits

A

Axis of 23.3 degrees
365.25 days to orbit
Part of earth tilted toward sun will experience summer because of direct rays
Part of earth tilted away from sun will experience winter bc of less direct rays
Seasons caused by angle of which rays hit earth

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11
Q

Unequal heating of earth

A

Equator receives most direct and constant sun = stable and warm climates
Closee to poles = increasing angle = temp decrease

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12
Q

Atmospheric convection currents

A

Adiabatic hearing ans cooling
Are is wadmes by sun radiation = less dense and less pressure = rises
High altitudes = air cools and continues to rise being bushed by hot air
Cold air precipitated
Cool air falls to ground and rewards
Large scale currents called cells

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13
Q

Earths rotation

A

Earth spins counter clockwise in n hemisphere and clockwise in s hemisphere
Coriolis effect: wind ans water deflected right in n hemisphere and left in s hemisphere
Effect is largest and poles ans smallest at equator

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14
Q

Global winds

A

6 convection cells
2 polar cells at poles
Ferrell cells from 60 to 30 degrees
2Hadley cells from 30 to equator

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15
Q

60 degrees latitude

A

Westerlies

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16
Q

30 latitude

A

Cool air falls
High pressure deserts

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17
Q

Equator

A

Warm air rises
Low pressure rainforest

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18
Q

Oceans

A

Driven by winds

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19
Q

Sea breeze

A

Land heats up faster than ocean
Breeze will blow from sea (high prssure) to land (low pressure)

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20
Q

Ocean gyres

A

5 massive circular current systems caused by the coriolis effect

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21
Q

Upwellings

A

Winds push water away from coast and js replaced with nutrients dense deep ocean water
Plankton use these nutrients to produce energy, supporting their food we’ve
Takes past along w coast kf some continents

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22
Q

El nino

A

Some yrs tropical trade winds slow down or reverse direction
Push warm waters toward the coast = mo unwilling
Collapsed food web
Economic loss from fishing
Rainy and floody in s America
Droughts ans wild fires in Australia

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23
Q

la nina

A

an enhancement of natural tropic trade winds/ opposite of el nin
more upwelling = more biodiverse food web and fishing $
cold and dry in S america and wet in australia

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24
Q

microclimates

A

climate of a local area is i=different from the general climate around it
caused by humidity, elevation, and urban islands

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25
Q

humidiity

A

WATER HAS a high heat capacity = temp change resistant
more humid a place is = less temp fluctuation b/w day and night
warm air holds onto moisture more
caused by: air temp, proximity to water, and evapotranspiration

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26
Q

elevation

A

elevateed terrain lifts air until it cools and percipitates
rainshadow effectr

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27
Q

rainshadow effect

A

LEEWARD SIDE OF A MT HAVING ARID CONDITIONS DUE TO THE COOLING/PRECIPITATION THAT OCCURON THE WINDWARD SIDE

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28
Q

urban island heat

A

man-made microclimate
metro area temp is hootter in city than outside
caused by buildings bloking colder air, industry heat, little vegetation, dark surfaces

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29
Q

albedo

A

percetange of incoming sunlight that is reflected from a surface
a white surface has a higher albedo than a blakc surface

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30
Q

solutions ot urban island heat

A

strategic building so that wind passes through city
place factories on outskirs
light colored buildings
increase green spaces
use less energy

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31
Q

most important climatic factors

A

temperature and percipitation

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32
Q

glbal rainfall

A

depends on global winds driven by the sun
rays hiting the equaot causies air to rise and then percipitate

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33
Q

tropical rainforest

A

highest percipitation
most stable temperature
high humidiity
large tropic trees
highet biodiversity
epiphytes
nutrient poor soils

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34
Q

hot deserts

A

low rainfall
occur at latittures of 30 north and s of equator
plants and animals need special adaptations

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35
Q

savanna/tropical grassland

A

open grassland w/ scacre shrubs and trees
b/w rainforests and deserts
warm temp yr round
periodic fires
wet and dry seasons
large herbivores and predators dominate

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36
Q

temperate grasslands

A

cooler temps than tropical grasslands
wet and dry seasosns are much more dramatic
praries
seasonal precipitation
lower biodiversity than tropical grasslands
richest soils
ex” great plains

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37
Q

temperate rainforests

A

yr round rainfall
large, old growh trees
seen at higher latitudes than tropical rainforests
moderate temps

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38
Q

temperate decidupus forest

A

dominated by decidous trees like oak, hickory, elm, maple and ash which lose leaves in winter
moderate rainfall
dramatic appearance of all 4 seasosn

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39
Q

coniferous forest/taiga.boreal forest

A

largest biome
higher latittude than deciduous
coniferous trees that dont lose their leaves in winter: pine
shorter growing season
ong cold winters, mild summers
high humidity
moderate percipitation
ex” redwoods

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40
Q

chaparral

A

coastal biome
hot, dry summers and mild, rainy windters
spiny evergreen shrubs
maintaed by fire

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41
Q

tundra

A

cold desert
bitter cold, high winds
short growing season
permafrost
arctic
low perciptation

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42
Q

primary productivity

A

a measure of producers in an ecosystem
NPP = GPP - R
helps perdict biomass/biodiversiy in other trophic levels
rainforest = highest
desert = lowest
tundra = 2nd lowest

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43
Q

deforestation

A

tropical rainforests using land for soul, cattle, and palm oil
loss of biodiversity
more co2
timber operations more regulated in US

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44
Q

soil erosion

A

tilling
overgrazing
compaction
salination
soultion: leve it alone

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45
Q

climate change

A

heating of the planet is causing weateher patterns and biomes to shift
extended growing seasons
changes in migration
droughts = fires
melting permafrost = release of carbon = positive feedback loop

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46
Q

lithosphere

A

crust

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47
Q

asthenosphere

A

upper liquid mantle

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48
Q

mesophere

A

mostly hard lower mantle

49
Q

tectonic plate theory

A

proposed by alfred wegener in 1915
the hard lithosphere is broken up into 15 hard plates that float over the molten asthenosphere

50
Q

evidence for tectonic plate theory

A

continets fit togehter like puzzle pieces
ancient fossil and rocks can be found far away on other continents
earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes, ridges occur at plate boundries

51
Q

hotspots

A

occur in weak spots in earths lithosphere
magma plumes
creates island arcs and volcanoes
i.e yellostone

52
Q

convergent plate boundries

A

plates move toward each other

53
Q

ocean to ocean convergent plate boundries

A

subduuctions of the oldest crust
trenches and volcanoes
mariana trench

54
Q

oceanic and continental convergent plate boundries

A

oceanic subduction
volcanoes and mtns
pacific ring of fire

55
Q

continental and continental convergent plate boundries

A

mnts and earth quakes
himalayas

56
Q

divergebt olate boundries

A

plates move away from eachother
causes magma upwelling and formation of new crest
oceaninc seaspreading = mtns and volcanoes
contintel= rifts

57
Q

transform boundry

A

strike-slip
plates slide past each other
tension builds up and earthquakes happen when tension releases at the slop

58
Q

tsunamis

A

underwater faults slip
displacement of ocean = waves
waves are larger as they reach shallow water

59
Q

volcanoes

A

rupture in lithosphre allows aethoosphere to reach surface

60
Q

volcanic eruptions

A

ejecta (ash, rock)
magma (igneous rock)
gases (water vapor, co2, nd sulfur dioxide)
block sunlight
sulfur diozide can cause global cooling

61
Q

soil

A

mix of rock particles, decaying organic matter, humus, air, water, and organisms
foundation for biodiversity, food security, and carbon squestering

62
Q

soil formation

A

decaying organic matter
weathered parent bedrock
distinct horizons form

63
Q

parent material

A

rock is weathered through acids, water, wind, or lichen, mooses, snd tree roots
is then transported by wind and water and deposited
determines what chemical propertie and minerals the soul will have

64
Q

properties affecting soil

A

parent material
cimate
topography
organism
time

65
Q

igenous rock

A

cooled magma

66
Q

sedimentary rock

A

weathered and eroded igneous

67
Q

metamorphic rock

A

changed due to heat and pressure

68
Q

how climate affeects soil

A

too cold= undecomposed organic materia
humid= rapid weathering and leaching of nutrients

69
Q

leaching

A

loss of minerals from teh top layer of soil by percolating percipitaito

70
Q

how topograpy affects soul

A

steeper landscae = higher erosion, less deep soil and less saturation can occur

71
Q

how organisms affect soil

A

organisms in soil:
decay organic matter
break down toxic materials
clen water
soil aeration
nitrogen

72
Q

how time affects soil

A

young = no horizons nor organic atter
mature: more than 1 layer and many nutrients
old: nutrient poor

73
Q

soil horizons

A

o, a, e, b, c, r

74
Q

o layer

A

decomposed keaves, twigs, feces
most pronounced in forests

75
Q

a layer

A

top soil
partiall decomposed organic matter called humus
most biological activity

76
Q

e layer

A

in some acidic sools
leached nutrients
sometimes appear white

77
Q

b layer

A

subsiol
inorganic matter

78
Q

c layer

A

partly weathered rock

79
Q

r kayer

A

bed rock/parent material

80
Q

porosity

A

anount of space in soil
high = higher biodiverisy and healthier sols
organisms in soil need oxygen
plant roots need to access water

81
Q

permeability

A

how fast water will infilitrate and percolate the soil

82
Q

soil texture

A

percent of sand, silt, or clay in a samke
loam: 40/40/20 (sand)
loam is ideal for agriculture

83
Q

cation exchange capacity

A

nuetrient holding capacitiy
higher = better nutrient access for plants
clay has high CEC

84
Q

base saturation

A

most soils are slightly acidic
nonsustaibalble agriculture increases acididty
acidicty = lowers nutrients
add limestone to increase pH

85
Q

cattle ranching affect on soil

A

compaction: animals and machines squish soil, decreasing por and perm
over grazing = plant death

86
Q

green revolution

A

1960’s= switch to heavy machinery, chemical fetilizer, gmos, irrigation and pesticides increase crop yield
monocropping
increased efficienty and profitability

87
Q

compaction

A

decreases por and perm
watterlogging
smaller plants

88
Q

tilling/ploughing

A

loosens soil dor plating, mizes ferlizies, aerates soils, and kills pests and weeds
destroys horizons
soil erodes
desirtification
kills good soil organisms
more prone to compaction

89
Q

desertification

A

process by which fertlile land becomes desert through drought, deforestation, or inapproriatio agriculture

90
Q

fertilizers

A

eutrophication
salination

91
Q

causes for irrigation

A

compaction, climate change, and salination = more

92
Q

salination

A

fertlizer and groundwater contians salts and minerals that accumulate over time
dehydration = more irrigation = positive feedback loop
need for gmos

93
Q

deforestation affect on soil

A

less roots to anchor souk
increases sedimentation pollution/turbidit in water = fish death
less humus
less nuetrients

94
Q

solution to cattle ranching

A

eat less meat
nomadic/regemerative grazing

95
Q

solutions to industrailixed farming

A

no till farming
intercropping/strip cropping
crop rotation
contour farmin
terrace farming
agroforestry

96
Q

no till farming

A

no tilling b.w seaons to reduce topsoil erosion
roots hold soil in place
horizons
mroe microbes
reatained moisture
decreased co2

97
Q

intercropping/strip cropping

A

alternating strips of erosion rresistnt cripw s/ erosion prone crios
encourages infuiltration
increased yeields

98
Q

crop rotation

A

rotation crops b.w plots over time to increase biodiversiry
reduce fertilizer use

99
Q

contour farming

A

plating parallel to topographic tontours of the land
reduces wind and wter erosion
reduce water runn off

100
Q

terace farming

A

buidling steps to reduce water erosion
less run off

101
Q

agoforestry

A

alley cropping
plating trees on either side of an alley of crops
less wind erosion
birds = pest control

102
Q

solutions to deforestation affect on soil

A

restoration: add top soil and plant vegetation

103
Q

refining

A

industrial process that removes impurities frm ore
requires fossil fuel and water use

104
Q

tailings

A

left over impurities
crushed rock, water, metal, additives
plased in tailing storage facilities

105
Q

reserves

A

locations with high abundance of a mineral
more distrubance of land with more mining

106
Q

surface mining

A

removing large portions of rock and soil to access ore underneath
overburdn placed to the side in spols

107
Q

open pit minging

A

keeping digging into eath, creating a pit

108
Q

contour strip mining

A

harvest ore in strips
done w. horizontal ores ona slopped terrain

109
Q

mountain top removal

A

remove mtn top for mining

110
Q

surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977

A

regrade and contour the land
replace or add topsoil
replant with native pioneer species
monitor for 5-10 yrs to ensure refurnishment

111
Q

sub-surface mining

A

preferred
less habiatats destroyed
expensive and dangerous
water is pumped out to prevent faming
risks: collapeses, gases, explosions

112
Q

impact of mining

A

habitat loss
air pollution
soil erosion and desertification
water contamination
human health risks

113
Q

mining impact: habitat loss

A

removal of topsoil, vegetaiton and animals
fragmentation

114
Q

mining impact: air pollition

A

dust particles
metal particulates
methand and co2 emissions

115
Q

mining impact: soil erosion and desertification

A

removal of topsoil and vegetaion = erosion
hard to reestablish vehetation and soil health

116
Q

mining impact: water contamination

A

increased turbidity = decrease in npp + clogged fish gills
acid mine drainage

117
Q

acid mine frainage

A

sulfide exposed to water or air creates rust and sulfuric acid
acids make other metals mroe water soluable
water becomes acidic and metal rich
solution: limestone

118
Q

mining impact: human health

A

cave-ins, poisonous gases
black lung and lung cancer

APES (3 decks)

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