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Philosophy > Units #6 and #7 > Flashcards

Units #6 and #7 Flashcards

1
Q

Übermensch (5)

A
  • Nietzsche’s theory of a SUPERMAN (beyond + man):
  • ideal man of the future who gives himself values/morality
  • far superior to all other human beings psychologically
  • has overcome nihilism
  • independent individual, very much NOT A CHRISTIAN
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2
Q

Nietzsche’s Slave or Average Man (3)

A
  • inferior because he is traditional, domestic and cowardly
  • believes in metaphysics and God, especially Christianity
  • lives a life of change: death, sickness, decline etc.
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3
Q

Nietzsche Philosophy

A
  • sexist, vitalist and nihilist
  • critical of metaphysics
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4
Q

Things Nietzsche hated (3)

A
  • Christianity, as it reflects slave morality
  • Previous philosophers (history of philosophy is a grave error)
  • Metaphysics
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5
Q

Nietzsche Vitalism

A
  • Affirms the importance of life
  • Understands individual experience as full of intensity and fulfillment
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6
Q

Nietzsche’s Problem with Metaphysics (2)

A
  • It belittles everything and makes all seem sad
  • Rejection of metaphysics (God, the soul and the world) affirms the fullness of life
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7
Q

Wittgenstein Philosophy

A

Philosopher who also believed metaphysics and other philosophical problems were nonsense

  • Wrote about these in his famous book Tractatus logico-philosophicus
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8
Q

Nietzsche’s two types of humans

A

the higher human beings (supermen), and those who belong to the herd (slaves)

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9
Q

Wittgenstein

A

A 20th century philosopher who wrote about language

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10
Q

Wittgenstein Language (4)

A
  • Solves philosophy’s problems, as philosophy is just a misinterpretation of language
  • Language is like a box of tools
  • Language is perfect, all though some people deform it
  • Ethical creative mystique
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11
Q

Two classes of Sentences (according to Wittgenstein)

A

Prepositions that don’t make sense
Prepositions that do make sense (well-constructed and scientific)

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12
Q

Wittgenstein: if you can’t speak….

A

then shut up

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13
Q

Idealist Philosophers believed…

A

reality (last reality) is spiritual and formed of ideas

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14
Q

“The Change” for Aristotle

A

the change is produced when a being of potential becomes a being of action

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15
Q

Hegel’s Philosophy

A

a dialect on the continuous change of reality caused by confrontation between opposing elements

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16
Q

Atheism

A

philosophical current that denies the existence of God

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17
Q

Agnosticism

A

philosophical current that believes it is impossible to get an answer to the question of the existence of God

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18
Q

A priori (religious definition)

A

arguments that start from the concept of God to try to prove that He is not only an idea in our mind, but also has a real existence

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19
Q

A posteriori (religious definition)

A

based on the observation of the world around us that God has already created, so they are based on after the experience

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20
Q

Movement

A

change from a being of potential to a being of action (Aristotelian idea)

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21
Q

Telos

A

the final cause of a natural organism or entity (Aristotelian idea)

22
Q

What is a man?

A

a free being

23
Q

Existentialism (3)

A
  • essence has priority over existence
  • considers freedom to be the most important characteristic of people
  • freedom is a fundamental reality and is a unique feature of human beings
24
Q

Ideas philosophers responded to the question of god (4)

A

theism, deism, agnosticism and atheism

25
Q

Ontology definition and roots of the word

A

a branch of philosophy that asks the meaning of everything that exists

Onto means “what is”
Logy means logic/logos

26
Q

idea of Jean-Paul Santre

A

a man is responsible for what he is (his essence)

27
Q

the relation between the sensible world and the intelligible world

A

ideas, specifically pure ideas

28
Q

Pure Ideas (2)

A
  • substantive beings that exist by themselves
  • they are the fundamental cause and reason for our existence
29
Q

deepening of the crisis of metaphysics

A

scientific and technical development deepened the crisis of metaphysics in the contemporary era (1940-present)

30
Q

Contemporary philosophers who helped the crisis of metaphysics

A

Jean-Paul Sartre (France), Martin Heidegger (Germany) and José Ortega y Gasset (Spain)

31
Q

For Hegel true reality is….

A

immaterial and is formed by what he called “Spirit,” which is pure reason

32
Q

Parmenides’ metaphysics

A

the idea of Being, which is true reality and permanent

Non-Being is not

33
Q

3 parts of Hegel’s dialectic idea

A

thesis is an intellectual proposition

the antithesis the reaction/discussion of the thesis

the synthesis solves the conflict between the thesis and antithesis by forming a new proposition

34
Q

Metaphysics

A

God, soul and the universe

35
Q

Pantheism

A

philosophical doctrine that identifies God with everything that exists

36
Q

Essence

A

the characteristics that a thing has by itself, and that makes it what it is and not something different

37
Q

Four Causes (Aristotle)

A

material cause, formal cause, efficient cause and final cause

38
Q

Material Cause (Aristotle)

A

what is it made of (what is its matter)?

39
Q

Formal Cause (Aristotle)

A

how is it made? the way the matter is structured and organized

40
Q

Efficient Cause

A

what or who has made it?

41
Q

Final Cause

A

what was it made for? Aristotle believed that everything
exists for a purpose

42
Q

Wilhelm Leibniz

A
  • German philosopher who believed that there were infinite substances,
  • Reality was composed of a mix of these substances called monads
43
Q

Three States of Human Question about the World Around Us

A

theological stage, metaphysical stage and positive stage

44
Q

Theological Stage

A

the belief in gods and supernatural beings

45
Q

Metaphysical Stage

A

people abandon the belief in gods and try to explain reality by means of abstract reasoning

46
Q

Positive Stage

A
  • affirms faith in science offer clear and effective answers to our questions
  • we know the laws of nature and use them improve our living condition
47
Q

Plato vs. Aristotle Learning

A

People thought we already knew ideas because we have them in mind, our interior
learning new things in reminiscence

Aristotle thought reality was made sense of and understood by individuals, particulars of the sensible world

48
Q

Theism

A

believers in the existence of an all-powerful and benevolent creator God, who intervenes in the history of humanity and who can maintain a personal relationship with us

49
Q

Deism

A

philosophical current that believes the only truths about God we can know for certain are we those that reason shows us

50
Q

Nominalism

A

believe universals have no difference other than the language describing them

51
Q

Descartes (2)

A

doubted metaphysics and applied a radical method of questioning absolutely everything, called Cartesian methodical doubt

he did not however doubt his own existence, “I think therefore I am”

Philosophy (14 decks)

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