April 2023 Flashcards
Positive Freedom
the real capacity to to set our own goals and work to achieve them and to decide what we want to do with complete autonomy
Values
Intangible, internal qualities that relate to the psyche or soul of a human being, appearing in their personality and actions
Axiology
philosophy of values
Moral Conscience
the capacity of a human to distinguish right from wrong
it the source of our moral standards of conduct, feelings of regret and remorse from wrong doing
Intellectual Consciousness
the capacity to reflect on our own mental processes and to realize that we are thinking
Freedom of Human-Beings
Although some aspects are predetermined, we are autonomous and free, and therefore responsible for our actions
Moral Emotivism
the idea that moral judgments are based on feelings
Moral Intellectualism
the idea that moral judgments are based on reason
Epicura and Fear
Epicura has a way of eliminating fear if God, death and destiny
Types of Pleasures (2)
Natural Pleasures, such as drinking water
Unnecessary Pleasures, such as winning the lottery
Moral Relativism
affirms that all moral rules and values depend on the situation (although universal rules are possible)
Truth (regarding news and the internet)
- based on verifiable evidence
- objective, unbiased and neutral
- take basic precautions against fake news
- adopt an honest and committed attitude in the search for the truth
- be willing to contrast our opinions with those of others
Ethos
based on individual morals and our own character
Ethics
branch of philosophy where you use definitive arguments to support an idea
Morals
based on feelings and our “interior voice” about what is good vs. bad
Ethics and Morals
guide human action though moral values and laws to give people a good life
(not found in any other species)
Moral Dilemma
a situation where someone has to choose between various options and won’t be satisfied with their moral conscious
Value
- intangible
- the human being has two (biological and quality)
Quality Values of a Human Being
the dimension of the psyche/soul and of culture
Actions of Duty (Kant)
actions in which the only motivation that drives us is to fulfill our obligation, even if it does not make us happy
Important Part of our Moral Actions (Kant)
what is important is NOT the consequences of what we do, but the intention we have when we act
Maxims
Kant’s idea of individual rules to guide moral action that depend on the individual and situation
Formal Ethics (Kant 2)
Kant didn’t believe any ethical law could ever be truly universal, so it was up to the individual to decide what to do
Kant’s Formal Ethics have no concrete commands or prohibitions, as he wants us to use our freedom and autonomy to decide what to do
A priori Ethics
ethical norms that do not depend on circumstances and must be universally valid
Material Ethics (4)
A posteriori moral action based on the goal toward which we should orient our lives
Kant Criticism of Material Ethics
- rely on experience
- hypothetical in their rules
- heteronomous (not chosen by subject but by supreme idea of what is good)
Apel and Habermas: the valid way to establish just rules
gaining a consensus rationally reached within an ideal community of dialogue
Dialogical Ethics
aims to find a procedure for developing rules that are acceptable to all through deliberation and consensus
Aristotle’s Ethics of Virtue
we act virtuously by choosing what is most ethical for the situation
Eudaimonia
happiness
Ethical Values
unconditional, universal and necessary guidelines towards an ethical life
Personality
our peculiar way of being, which identifies us and distinguishes us from the rest of the people
