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Philosophy > Examen Filosofía temas 4 y 5 > Flashcards

Examen Filosofía temas 4 y 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Gnisology

A

the study of knowledge and cognition

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2
Q

Gnisology of Plato

A

Plato divides reality:
- Sensible World (opinions, beliefs)
- Intelligible World (intelligence, mathematics)

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3
Q

Sensible World (Plato) (7)

A
  • doxa/opinion
  • world of appearance
  • intelligible realm
  • beliefs, opinions, ideas
  • illusion, images, shadows, reflections
  • further from truth/reality
  • the physical human body
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4
Q

Intelligent World (Plato) (7)

A
  • episteme/science
  • world of the forms
  • visible realm
  • mathematic reasoning
  • intelligence, forms, philosophy
  • closer to truth/reality
  • the human soul
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5
Q

Plato says Gnisology is reliable because

A

it contains universal truth and not senses and changing circumstances

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6
Q

Knowledge is….

A

innate and acquired by remembering (reminiscence)

there is a truth in us waiting to be discovered 🧘‍♀️

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7
Q

Rationalism

A

philosophical current according to which reason must be the starting point to obtain secure knowledge

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8
Q

Francis Bacon

A
  • the father of empiricism
  • argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only on reason and the careful observation of nature
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9
Q

Definition of Knowledge

A

a true opinion that we are able to justify

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10
Q

Reason

A

the application of logic by drawing conclusions from new information with the aim of getting the truth

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11
Q

Intuition

A

the power of obtaining knowledge that cannot be acquired either by inference or observation, by reason or experience

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12
Q

Faith

A

trusting in the validity of statements that can’t always be justified by experience or reason

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13
Q

Emile Durkheim’s definition of religion

A

any beliefs or practices associated with the sacred

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14
Q

Aristotle believed that in all of us…..

A

there is a natural curiosity, which is the foundation in our interest in science and philosophy

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15
Q

Knowing-that vs. Knowing-how

A

logical knowledge vs. practical knowledge

ex. knowing a bike has two wheels vs. knowing how to ride a bike

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16
Q

specific fields of knowledge such as art, physics or history

A

are always shared, as they develop within a community of experts

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17
Q

Focault

A

studied how human sciences come from the power mechanisms of social control (ex. statistics created to help rulers know about their population)

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18
Q

Pragmatism

A

looking at things practically and using logic to see if something is true

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19
Q

Truth

A

an unveiling, one that needs criticism and question

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20
Q

Truth for Descartes

A

something must have evidence and be indisputable through intellectual intuition

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21
Q

Descartes famous quote

A

“I think therefore I am”

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22
Q

Criterion of Truth

A

affirms something as true when it is absolutely impossible to doubt it

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23
Q

Truth for Hegel

A

truth is the whole and everything is true

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24
Q

Dogmatism

A

belief that it is possible to know the truth without complete certainty

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25
Skepticism
a philosophical position that denies the possibility of knowing the truth
26
Relativism
the theory that there is no universal or absolute truth
27
Subjectivism
an idea that asserts that what seems truth or false to person depends solely on individual factors
28
Jürgen Habermas truth
- pragmatic truth - something is considered true when it is agreed upon after good dialogue/debate about it
29
Epistemology
the theory of knowledge and the distinction between justified belief and opinion
30
Most philosophers of Modern Age were
rationalists or empiricists
31
Rationalism
philosophical current according to which reason must be the starting point to obtain secure knowledge, such as Descartes
32
For empiricists such as:__________, the………
For empiricists such as Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume, the only valid source of knowledge is experience
33
Kant’s idea of experience
experience provides us with the content/matter of our knowledge -reason organizes that content by giving it a form
34
A priori
before the experience (Kant)
35
Kant: Space and Time
an individual person makes sense of space and time, they make them sensible perceptions
36
The formula of a phenomenon according to Kant
things + forms = phenomenon
37
Metaphysics = science ???
no :( because we can’t experience any of its three objects (God, the soul and the world)
38
Kant’s most famous book
Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
39
Modern Science
began in the 17th century and was based on -experience -observation -measurement -the use of mathematics
40
Formal Science
deals with abstract objects, which do not in exist in abstract reality
41
Empirical Science
deals with facts we can know from experience
42
Natural Science
deals with objects in the physical world that can be dealt with experimentally
43
Human Science
deals with the human being and society from different perspectives
44
Science is concerned....
with studying facts
45
Scientific Method Purpose
Allows the researcher to find a mathematical law that explains the behavior of nature
46
Scientific Method Steps
- Define the problem - Form hypothesis - Test with experiments - Obtain Conclusions
47
Anomalia
a problem, a symptom
48
Scientific Paradigm
a set of several interrelated theories that offer a global explanation of reality, including hypotheses and mythology
49
Hermeneutic Method
the interpretation of facts, used for human sciences
50
Hypothetic-Deductive Method
developed by Galileo and evolved into the scientific method
51
Inductivism
- affirms that science is built through reasoning - you obtain conclusions by experiments on something
52
Anaxiom
a statement that is so evident or well-established, that it is accepted without controversy or question
53
Falsification
- created by Karl Popper experiments can never completely verify a statement, but can prove it to be not true
54
Problem with Inductivism
theories can not be definitively proved, just made valid with the science we currently have
55
Postulate
a given/known true thing that is used to prove other things true
56
Kuhn elaborated.....
an alternative theory to falsification, introducing the concept of the scientific paradigm
57
Revolutionary Science test (Kuhn)
when scientists break away from the established paradigm with a different vision which is incompatible with the previous
58
Science vs. Technique
both are a certain way of doing something goal of science is to produce valid knowledge goal of technique is just practicality
59
Gnisology de Aristotle (4)
- truly valid knowledge comes from knowing the universal and not the particular - knowledge comes from the things our senses capture - the most useful knowledge comes from others - the process of differentiating the common essence of something from individual characteristics is important
60
Greek Words on Plato's divided line (left to right)
Eikasia, Pistis, Dianoia, Noeis
61
Dogma
- claims that cannot be proven. - associated with religion
62
Epojé
suspension of judgment
63
Hermeneutics
mainly focused on the interpretation of texts
64
Doxa
- opinion - knowledge based on feelings
65
Episteme
- science - true knowledge
66
Reminiscence
progress by which we can grasp ideas with the help of philosophical dialogue
67
Eikasia
- illusion, shadows, imagination
68
Pistis
- beliefs and objects
69
Dianola
- mathematical forms and geometry
70
Noesis
- pure ideas and philosophy
71
Gnisology for Kant
Reason: the application of logic by drawing conclusions from new information with the aim of getting the truth Transcendental: By transcendental, Kant means that his philosophical approach to knowledge transcends mere consideration of sensory evidence and requires an understanding of the mind's innate modes of processing that sensory evidence
72
What type of philosopher was Kant
empirical realist
73
What type of philosopher was Plato
rationalist
74
What type of philosopher was Aristotle
realist

Philosophy (14 decks)

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