UNITS 19&20 • TOPIC Flashcards
aggression
uk |əˈɡreʃ.ən| us |əˈɡreʃ.ən|
noun
1. spoken or physical behaviour that is threatening or involves harm to someone or something
* “Some types of dog are bred for aggression.”
* “an act of aggression”
2. forceful playing in sport that is intended to win points
authority
uk |ɔːˈθɒr.ə.ti| us |əˈθɔːr.ə.t̬i|
noun
1. the moral or legal right or ability to control [U]
* “The United Nations has used/exerted/exercised its authority to restore peace in the area.”
* “We need to get the support of someone in authority (= an important or high-ranking person).”
* “They’ve been acting illegally and without authority (= permission) from the council.”
* ”[+ to infinitive] I’ll give my lawyers authority (= permission) to act on my behalf.”
* “He has no authority over (= ability to control) his students.”
* “She spoke with authority (= as if she was in control or had special knowledge).”
2. a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity [C]
* “the health authority”
* “the local housing authority”
benign
uk |bɪˈnaɪn| us |bɪˈnaɪn|
adjective
1. pleasant and kind
* “a benign old lady”
2. A benign growth is not cancer and is not likely to be harmful
* “a benign tumour”
bully
uk |ˈbʊl.i| us |ˈbʊl.i|
noun
1. someone who hurts or frightens someone else, often over a period of time, and often forcing them to do something that they do not want to do
* “You’re just a big bully!”
* “Teachers usually know who the bullies are in a class.”
2. a type of strong, small or medium-sized dog with a short muzzle (= nose) that includes various breeds including the American bully, the pit bull terrier, the Staffordshire bull terrier, and the bulldog (also bully breed, bully dog)
* “We call these dogs bullies not because of their temperament but because of their history.”
* “Bully dogs are all descendants from the same type of dog.”
* “A Staffordshire Bull Terrier is one of the smaller of the recognized bully breeds.”
3. in hockey, an action in which the referee drops the puck or ball between two players from the opposing teams to start play [old-fashioned]
* “Klein won the bully at the start of the game and the Eagles scored the first goal within two minutes.”
bully
uk |ˈbʊl.i| us |ˈbʊl.i|
verb
1. to use your power or strength to frighten or hurt someone, often over a period of time, and often forcing that person to do something they do not want to do
* “Our survey indicates that one in four children is bullied at school.”
* “[bully someone into something/doing something] Don’t let anyone bully you into doing something you don’t want to do.”
command
uk |kəˈmɑːnd| us |kəˈmænd|
noun
1. an order, especially one given by a soldier [C]
* “[at someone’s command] You will run forward at (= when you hear) my command.”
* “[give the command] When I give the command, fire!”
* “[obey a command] He hated being in the army because he had to obey commands.”
2. control over someone or something and responsibility for him, her, or it [U]
* “[have command over] At that time, a Roman consul had command over two legions, or roughly 12,000 soldiers.”
* “Colonel Sailing has command over the Guards Regiment.”
* “[in command of] Ronnie found himself in command of 250 men.”
* “[take command of] Lee took command of the Confederate Army in 1862.”
* “[under the command of] The soldiers were under the command of a tough sergeant major.”
3. an instruction to a computer to perform a particular action [C]
4. a great knowledge of a subject and an ability to use that knowledge [S/U]
* “[have a command of] She has an impressive command of the English language.”
5. a view [S formal]
* “the castle’s position with its command of the surrounding countryside”
command
uk |kəˈmɑːnd| us |kəˈmænd|
verb
1. to give someone an order [I/T]
* ”[+ to infinitive] The officer commanded his men to shoot.”
* ”[+ that] He commanded that the troops (should) cross the water.”
2. to control someone or something and tell him, her, or it what to do [I/T]
* “Colonel Sailing commands the Guards Regiment.”
3. to deserve and get something good, such as attention, respect, or a lot of money [T]
* “She was one of those teachers who just commanded respect.”
* “She commands one of the highest fees per film in Hollywood.”
4. to give a view [T formal]
* “[command a view] The master bedroom commands a view of rolling green hills.”
Command
uk |kəˈmɑːnd| us |kəˈmænd|
noun
1. a group of soldiers or an area controlled by a commander
* “Western Command”
conquer
uk |ˈkɒŋ.kər| us |ˈkɑːŋ.kɚ|
verb
1. to take control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force, or to defeat someone in a game or competition
* “The Spanish conquered the New World in the 16th century.”
* “The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066.”
consent
uk |kənˈsent| us |kənˈsent|
noun
1. permission or agreement [U]
* “They can’t publish your name without your consent.”
* “Your parents must give consent for you to go on the trip.”
* “Patients must be informed of the risks of the surgery and give their informed consent.”
* “You can only come on the trip if you have your parents’ written consent.”
2. agreement to sexual activity, given by someone who is free to choose and able to choose (because of being old enough, being able to think or communicate clearly, etc.) [U law specialized]
* “Consent is defined in UK law.”
* “Consent cannot be given by a person who is underage, intoxicated or incapacitated by drugs or alcohol, or asleep or unconscious.”
* “You can withdraw consent at any time if you feel uncomfortable.”
consent
uk |kənˈsent| us |kənˈsent|
verb
1. to agree to do something, or to allow someone to do something
* ”[+ to infinitive] Very reluctantly, I’ve consented to lend her my car.”
* “[consent to] My aunt never married because her father wouldn’t consent to her marriage.”
controversy
uk |ˈkɒn.trə.vɜː.si| |kənˈtrɒv.ə.si| us |ˈkɑːn.trə.vɝː.si|
noun
1. a lot of disagreement or argument about something, usually because it affects or is important to many people
* “[controversy surrounding/over] There was a big controversy surrounding/over the use of drugs in athletics.”
* “[fierce/heated controversy] The policy has caused fierce/heated controversy ever since it was introduced.”
dictator
uk |dɪkˈteɪ.tər| us |ˈdɪk.teɪ.t̬ɚ|
noun
1. a leader who has complete power in a country and has not been elected by the people
2. a person who gives orders and behaves as if they have complete power
* “My boss is kind of a dictator.”
dominate
uk |ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt| us |ˈdɑː.mə.neɪt|
verb
1. to have control over a place or person [I/T]
* “He refuses to let others speak and dominates every meeting.”
* “They work as a group - no one person is allowed to dominate.”
2. to be the largest, most important, or most noticeable part of something [T]
* “The cathedral dominates the landscape for miles around.”
* “The dispute is likely to dominate the news.”
eliminate
uk |iˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt| us |iˈlɪm.ə.neɪt|
verb
1. to remove or take away someone or something [T]
* “A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease.”
* “[eliminate a possibility] We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident.”
* “[eliminate someone from something] The police eliminated him from their enquiries.”
2. to defeat someone so that they cannot continue in a competition [T often passive]
* “He was eliminated in the third round of the competition.”
3. to murder someone [T slang]
* “A police officer was accused of helping a drug gang eliminate rivals.”
enforce
uk |ɪnˈfɔːs| us |ɪnˈfɔːrs|
verb
1. to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted
* “It isn’t always easy for the police to enforce speed limits.”
* “The new teacher had failed to enforce any sort of discipline.”
entitled
uk |ɪnˈtaɪ.təld| us |ɪnˈtaɪ.t̬əld|
verb
1. [past simple and past participle of] entitle
entitled
uk |ɪnˈtaɪ.təld| us |ɪnˈtaɪ.t̬əld|
adjective
1. feeling that you have the right to do or have what you want without having to work for it or deserve it, just because of who you are
* “These kids are spoiled, entitled, self-absorbed, and apathetic.”
exempt
uk |ɪɡˈzempt| us |ɪɡˈzempt|
verb
1. to excuse someone or something from a duty, payment, etc.
* “[be exempted from] Small businesses have been exempted from the tax increase.”
exempt
uk |ɪɡˈzempt| us |ɪɡˈzempt|
adjective
1. with special permission not to do or pay something
* “[exempt from] Goods exempt from this tax include books and children’s clothes.”
* “Pregnant women are exempt from dental charges under the current health system.”
former
uk |ˈfɔː.mər| us |ˈfɔːr.mɚ|
adjective
1. of or in an earlier time; before the present time or in the past
* “his former wife”
* “a former employer”
* “the former president of the United States”
* “The luxury apartments are in a former factory.”
* “[former glory] The painting was then restored to its former glory (= returned to its original good condition).”
* “[former self] It was a long time after the accident before he seemed like his former self (= behaved in the way he had before).”
former
uk |ˈfɔː.mər| us |ˈfɔːr.mɚ|
noun
impose
uk |ɪmˈpəʊz| us |ɪmˈpoʊz|
verb
1. to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received [T]
* “[be imposed on] Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.”
* “Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.”
* “[impose something on something] The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.”
2. to force someone to accept something, especially a belief or way of living [T]
* “[impose something on someone] I don’t want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children.”
* “We must impose some kind of order on the way this office is run.”
3. to expect someone to do something for you or spend time with you when they do not want to or when it is not convenient for them [I]
* “Are you sure it’s all right for me to come tonight? I don’t want to impose.”
* “[impose on] She’s always imposing on people - asking favours and getting everyone to do things for her.”
inferior
uk |ɪnˈfɪə.ri.ər| us |ɪnˈfɪr.i.ɚ|
adjective
1. not good, or not as good as someone or something else
* “[inferior to] These products are inferior to those we bought last year.”
* “She cited cases in which women had received inferior healthcare.”
* “[intellectually/morally/socially inferior] It was clear the group were regarded as intellectually/morally/socially inferior.”
inferior
uk |ɪnˈfɪə.ri.ər| us |ɪnˈfɪr.i.ɚ|
noun
1. someone who is considered to be less important than other people
* “He regarded most men as his social, moral, and intellectual inferiors.”
intimidate
uk |ɪnˈtɪm.ɪ.deɪt| us |ɪnˈtɪm.ə.deɪt|
verb
1. to frighten or threaten someone, usually in order to persuade them to do something that you want them to do
* “They were intimidated into accepting a pay cut by the threat of losing their jobs.”
label
uk |ˈleɪ.bəl| us |ˈleɪ.bəl|
noun
1. a piece of paper or other material that gives you information about the object it is attached to
* “Remember to put some address labels on the suitcases.”
* “Washing instructions should be on the label.”
2. a word or a phrase that is used to describe the characteristics or qualities of people, activities, or things, often in a way that is unfair
* “He seems to be stuck with the label of “troublemaker”.”
3. a company that produces goods for sale, the goods themselves, or the company’s name or symbol
* “Her favourite designer label (= maker of expensive clothes) is Armani.”
* “Their own-label vegetarian products have been a huge success.”
* “The group have just signed (= arranged to record) with a new record label.”
label
uk |ˈleɪ.bəl| us |ˈleɪ.bəl|
verb
1. to fasten a label to
* ”[+ adj] The parcel was clearly labelled “Fragile”.”
* “If you spend any time in prison, you’re labelled as a criminal for the rest of your life.”
liberate
uk |ˈlɪb.ər.eɪt| us |ˈlɪb.ə.reɪt|
verb
1. to help someone or something to be free
* “They said they sent troops in to liberate the people/the country from a dictator.”
2. to steal something [humorous]
* “She liberated those spoons from a restaurant last week.”
mainstream
uk |ˈmeɪn.striːm| us |ˈmeɪn.striːm|
adjective
1. considered normal, and having or using ideas, beliefs, etc. that are accepted by most people
* “This is the director’s first mainstream Hollywood film.”
2. used to refer to education for children who can be taught in the same way as most other children, or to people, schools, etc. connected with this type of education [education specialized]
* “Many youngsters have been out of mainstream education for so long that they cannot adapt to a formal learning environment.”
* “Many estimate that up to 20% of children in mainstream classrooms may have some special needs.”
* “mainstream children/students/teachers”
mainstream
uk |ˈmeɪn.striːm| us |ˈmeɪn.striːm|
noun
mainstream
uk |ˈmeɪn.striːm| us |ˈmeɪn.striːm|
verb
1. to make something start to be considered normal
* “Political rhetoric mainstreams hostility.”
* “Mainstreaming equality means that equality should not be catered for only by specific programmes or initiatives.”
2. to teach children with special needs in the same class or school as children who do not have special needs [education US specialized]
* “The school has been mainstreaming children with special needs successfully for almost 20 years.”
* “We didn’t know if he could be mainstreamed.”
master
uk |ˈmɑː.stər| us |ˈmæs.tɚ|
noun
1. the person who owns, cares for, and controls an animal
* “With careful training, a dog will obey its master completely.”
2. a person who employs a servant or owns a slave
* “Servants had to obey their masters.”
3. a person who has control over a particular situation
* “[master of] She was the victim of her circumstances rather than the master of her fate.”
4. the captain of a ship that carries goods
* “Ship’s masters are in charge of a ship, its crew and any cargo it is carrying, at sea and in port.”
5. a person who is very skilled in a particular job or activity
* “[a master of] He was a master of disguise.”
6. a famous and very skilled painter
* “This painting is clearly the work of a master.”
7. a male school teacher [UK old-fashioned]
* “Mr Wells was my Latin master at school.”
master
uk |ˈmɑː.stər| us |ˈmæs.tɚ|
verb
1. to learn to control an emotion or feeling
* “I finally mastered my fear of flying.”
2. to learn how to do something well
* “[master a technique] She practised until she’d mastered the technique.”
* “[master a language] She lived in Italy for several years but never quite mastered the language.”
* “[master the art of] He quickly mastered the art of interviewing people.”
master
uk |ˈmɑː.stər| us |ˈmæs.tɚ|
adjective
1. extremely skilled
* “a master craftsman”
* “a master chef”
