UNITS 19&20 • PAT Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

**1. to be in an upright position on your feet; to get yourself into an upright position on your feet** * *"I've been standing up all day and I'm really tired."* * *"It was customary then for children to stand up when the teacher came into the classroom."* **2. If an idea or some information stands up, it is proved to be true or correct** * *"Their evidence will never stand up in court."* * *"[stand up to] Their argument won't stand up to detailed criticism (= when it is studied critically)."*

Answer 2

**1. to intentionally fail to meet someone when you said you would, especially someone you were starting to have a romantic relationship with** * *"I don't know if I've been stood up or if she's just late - I'll wait another half hour."*

Answer 3

**1. performed by a single person telling jokes and funny stories on stage [before noun]** * *"stand-up comedy"* * *"a stand-up comedian"* **2. loyal; that you can rely on to defend you [US informal]** * *"He was friendly, passionate, and a stand-up kind of guy."* **3. involving violence or loud shouting, etc. [UK]** * *"The two men had had a stand-up row in the pub after the game."* **4. A stand-up meeting is one at which people stand, rather than sit** * *"the hotel's stand-up management meetings"*

Answer 4

**1. comedy performed by a single person telling jokes and funny stories on stage; stand-up comedy [U]** * *"an evening of stand-up"* **2. a person who performs stand-up comedy; a stand-up comedian [C]** * *"He has worked as an actor, but is best known as a stand-up."* **3. a meeting at which people stand, rather than sit [C]**

Answer 5

**1. to start doing a job or being responsible for something that another person did or had responsibility for before** * *"[take over from] He took over from the previous headmaster in February."* * *"[take over as] She took over as manager two weeks ago."* * *"Jason Lamb has taken over responsibility for this project."* **2. to get control of a company by buying enough of the shares in it** * *"The company he works for has recently been taken over."*

Answer 6

**1. to talk to someone as if they are less intelligent than you or not important** * *"I wish politicians wouldn't talk down to us as if we were idiots."*

Answer 7

**1. to provide yourself or others with something in order to use it as a weapon** * *"I armed myself with a baseball bat and went to investigate the noise."* * *"The youths were armed with pistols and knives."* * *"She argued that arming people with guns was not the best way to make them feel safe from crime."* **2. to provide yourself or others with equipment or knowledge in order to complete a particular task** * *"She armed the boys with brushes and mops and told them to clean out the shed."* * *"I went to the meeting armed with the relevant facts and figures."* * *"All we can do is arm you with the information and hope that you make the right choice."* * *"Her legal training armed her with the skills she needed."*

Answer 8

**1. to prepare to fight or to start fighting** * *"They are willing to take up arms if they have to."* * *"After the atrocity, some villagers thought they were justified in taking up arms."* * *"The rebels took up arms against the occupying forces and expelled them."* * *"He was called to take up arms on behalf of the country he loved."*

Answer 9

**1. to stop fighting** * *"The minister has called on the terrorists to lay down their arms."* * *"The rebels were ready to negotiate about laying down their arms."* * *"Both sides laid down arms ahead of the religious holiday and declared a break in hostilities."* * *"We can't be asked to lay down our arms without concessions from the other side."*

Answer 10

**1. angry or upset** * *"The union is up in arms over the reduction in health benefits."*

Answer 11

**1. the action of setting a limit on the number of weapons a country is allowed to own, usually in agreement with another country**

Answer 12

**1. the moral or legal right or ability to control [U]** * *"The United Nations has used/exerted/exercised its authority to restore peace in the area."* * *"We need to get the support of someone in authority (= an important or high-ranking person)."* * *"They've been acting illegally and without authority (= permission) from the council."* * *"[+ to infinitive] I'll give my lawyers authority (= permission) to act on my behalf."* * *"He has no authority over (= ability to control) his students."* * *"She spoke with authority (= as if she was in control or had special knowledge)."* **2. a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity [C]** * *"the health authority"* * *"the local housing authority"*

Answer 13

**1. to be able to believe a piece of information because you trust the person who told you it** * *"I have it on good authority that she's getting married."*

Answer 14

**1. (of the police) to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime** * *"She is charged with murdering her husband."* * *"Police have arrested him and charged him with manslaughter."* **2. to publicly accuse someone of doing something bad [formal]** * *"The newspaper article charged her with using the company's money for her own purposes."* * *"I'm being charged on social media with all kinds of heinous things that I have not done."*

Answer 15

**1. to take responsibility for controlling something** * *"His boss asked him to take charge of the office for a few days while she was away."* * *"She immediately took charge and started to organize a search party."*

Answer 16

**1. being the person who has control of or is responsible for someone or something** * *"[in charge of] Who will be in charge of the department when Sophie leaves?"* * *"[leave someone in charge] I left Jack in charge of the suitcases while I went to get the tickets."* * *"There were more than 30 people working on the project, with no single person in charge."* * *"If I were in charge, I would insist on better timekeeping."* * *"Allen was put in charge of gathering intelligence from satellites."*

Answer 17

**1. the most powerful people in a country**

Answer 18

**1. a sudden increase in the number of crimes**

Answer 19

**1. illegal activities [U]** * *"She promised to fight crime and reform government."* * *"[violent crime] The rate of violent crime fell last month."* * *"[serious crime] The government plans to put more officers on the streets to tackle serious crime."* * *"The priority of community policing is to prevent crime."* * *"[crime prevention] Nearly £2 million of the city budget was set aside for crime prevention."* * *"He believes that religion saved him from a life of crime."*

Answer 20

**1. to say that something is not true** * *"[deny allegations] He will not confirm or deny the allegations."* * *"[+ that] Neil denies that he broke the window, but I'm sure he did."* * *"[+ -ing verb] Neil denies breaking the window."*

Answer 21

**1. to say publicly that you are responsible for something, especially a criminal act, even if this is not true** * *"An unknown terrorist group has claimed responsibility for this morning's bomb attack."* * *"Nobody was hurt in the explosion, and no one has claimed responsibility."*

Answer 22

**1. something that is typical of the group of things that it is a member of** * *"[example of] Could you give me an example of the improvements you have mentioned?"* * *"This painting is a marvellous example of her work."*

Answer 23

**1. physical, especially violent, strength or power [U]** * *"The force of the wind had brought down a great many trees in the area."* * *"She slapped his face with unexpected force."* * *"Teachers aren't allowed to use force in the classroom."* * *"[force of numbers] The police were able to control the crowd by sheer force of numbers (= because there were more police than there were people in the crowd)."*

Answer 24

**1. to make something happen or make someone do something difficult, unpleasant, or unusual, especially by threatening or not offering the possibility of choice** * *"[force someone/something to do something] You can't force her to make a decision."* * *"[be forced to] Hospitals are being forced to close departments because of lack of money."* * *"[force yourself to do something] I really have to force myself to be nice to him."* * *"[force something back] You could tell he was having to force back the tears (= to stop himself from crying)."* * *"[force something down] The food tasted nasty, but I managed to force it down (= to make myself swallow it)."* * *"[force something on someone] I didn't actually want any more dessert, but Julia forced it on me (= made me accept it)."* * *"[force yourself on someone] I couldn't stay at their flat - I'd feel as if I was forcing myself on them (= making them allow me to stay)."* * *"[force something out of someone] You never tell me how you're feeling - I have to force it out of you (= make you tell me)!"* **2. If plants or vegetables are forced, they are made to grow faster by artificially controlling growing conditions such as the amount of heat and light [biology, food & drink specialized]** * *"forced strawberries"*

Answer 25

**1. an amount of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose** * *"a student/research grant"* * *"a local authority/government grant"* * *"[+ to infinitive] They gave/awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year."*

Answer 26

**1. to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way [T]** * *"[+ two objects] They granted her an entry visa."* * *"He was granted asylum."* * *"[formal] She granted their request/wish."* **2. to accept that something is true, often before expressing an opposite opinion [T + (that)]** * *"[grant that] I grant that it must have been upsetting but even so I think she overreacted."* * *"[I grant you] I grant you (= it is true that), it's a difficult situation but I feel sure he could have handled it more sensitively."*

Answer 27

**1. to forcefully make known what you think should happen** * *"She can't just come into this office and start laying down the law."*

Answer 28

**1. to change the rules in a way that is considered to be not important or not harmful** * *"Can't you bend the rules a little? I was only a few minutes late."*

Answer 29

**1. a situation in which the laws of a country are being obeyed, especially when the police or army are used to make certain of this** * *"a complete breakdown in law and order"*

Answer 30

**1. to get and keep an advantage such as a low price** * *"People are jumping to purchase homes and lock in affordable mortgage rates before they increase."* * *"If you find a rate that works for you, lock it in."* * *"With the purchase plan, customers would take a daily price and lock it in for a certain number of gallons that have to be bought over a certain time period."* **2. to choose or decide something finally and definitely, for example by pressing a key on a computer keyboard** * *"Press SET again to lock in your choice."* * *"He locked in the answer and won $20,000."*

Answer 31

**1. to prevent someone from leaving a room or building by locking the door** * *"She stormed off to her bedroom and locked herself in."* * *"He was locked in his bedroom as a punishment."*

Answer 32

**1. a length of time during which you are not allowed to end or change a financial arrangement** * *"Your new mortgage may have a long lock-in period, particularly if you go for a fixed rate."* **2. an occasion when a pub locks its doors and allows people to continue drinking illegally after the time when it should have closed [UK informal]** * *"There was a lock-in at my local last night."*

Answer 33

**1. to begin to argue or fight** * *"[lock horns over] The mayor and her deputy locked horns over plans for the new road."*

Answer 34

**1. locked away safely** * *"Her jewellery is securely under lock and key at the bank."* **2. If a person, especially a criminal, is under lock and key, they are being kept in a place from which they cannot escape, usually a prison.**

Answer 35

**1. a person who repairs and/or makes locks and supplies keys**

Answer 36

**1. the people who are approximately the same age as you and come from a similar social group** * *"These children scored significantly lower on intelligence tests than others in their peer group."*

Answer 37

**1. the strong influence of a group, especially of children, on members of that group to behave as everyone else does** * *"There is tremendous peer pressure to wear fashionable clothes."*

Answer 38

**1. ability to control people and events [U]** * *"[power over] I've no power over him - he does what he wants to."* * *"[in something's power] Once nicotine has you in its power, it's very difficult to stop smoking."* * *"She has the power to charm any man she meets."* **2. the amount of political control a person or group has in a country [U]** * *"Does the president have more power than the prime minister?"* * *"[in power] How long has the Conservative Party been in power?"* * *"[seize power] The army seized power after five days of anti-government demonstrations."* **3. strength [U]** * *"Our car doesn't have enough power to tow a trailer."* * *"Weightlifters have tremendous power in their arms and legs."* * *"Scientists are working to harness the power of the atom."* * *"The economic power of many Asian countries has grown dramatically in recent years."* **4. an official or legal right to do something [U]** * *"[+ to infinitive] I'd like to help but I don't have the power to intervene in this dispute."* * *"[in your power to do something] It's not in your power to cancel the order."* * *"[within your power] I can't give you a refund - I'm afraid it's not within my power."*

Answer 39

**1. to provide a machine with energy and the ability to operate [T]** * *"Buses and trucks are usually powered by diesel engines."* * *"Electricity costs less than petrol, so powering an electric vehicle is cheaper."* **2. to act with great strength or in a forceful way [I usually + adv/prep]** * *"Halfway through, she powered into the lead and went on to win the race."* **3. in sports, to hit or kick the ball very hard [T]** * *"She powered her return past Fernandez who had come to the net."* * *"He powered his drive over 300 yards down the first hole."*

Answer 40

**1. provided with energy by an electric motor** * *"a power shower"* * *"a power drill"*

Answer 41

**1. an unpleasant or violent competition for power**

Answer 42

**1. an area of a country or a group of people on which someone's power depends** * *"The industrial cities are the Labour Party's traditional power base."*

Answer 43

**1. to stay in prison for a very long time** * *"Ruben Carter was left to rot in jail for most of his life."*

Answer 44

**1. the attempt to improve the system of legal punishment** * *"She is a spokesperson for the Howard League for Penal Reform."*

Answer 45

**1. to cause a reaction, especially a negative one** * *"The prospect of increased prices has already provoked an outcry."* * *"Test results provoked worries that the reactor could overheat."* **2. to make or try to make a person or an animal angry** * *"It was a vicious-looking dog and I didn't want to provoke it."* * *"He was clearly trying to get at me but I refused to be provoked."* * *"I was provoked into the argument."*

Answer 46

**1. a feeling of anger and shock [U]** * *"These murders have provoked outrage across the country."* * *"Many politicians and members of the public expressed outrage at the verdict."* **2. a shocking, morally unacceptable, and usually violent action [C]** * *"The bomb, which killed 15 people, was the worst of a series of terrorist outrages."* * *"[+ that] It's an outrage (= it is shocking and morally unacceptable) that so much public money should have been wasted in this way."*

Answer 47

**1. (especially of an unfair action or statement) to cause someone to feel very angry, shocked, or upset** * *"Local people were outraged at the bombing."* * *"A proposed five percent cut in pay has outraged staff at the warehouse."*

Answer 48

**1. the details of who or what is fair or unfair** * *"I don't care about the rights and wrongs of the matter - I just want you both to stop arguing."*

Answer 49

**1. to be practical and wise** * *"Ask Lois to help - she's got her head screwed on the right way."*

Answer 50

**1. in the opposite direction to that of the movement of the water in a river, sea, etc.** * *"The men exhausted themselves rowing against the current."* * *"If caught in a rip current, swimmers often panic and try to swim directly against the current."* **2. different to the opinion or feeling that a group of people have** * *"Why is the prime minister swimming so determinedly against the current?"* * *"She has repeatedly found herself marching against the current of public opinion."*

Answer 51

**1. a practical and approximate way of doing or measuring something** * *"A good rule of thumb is that a portion of rice is two handfuls."*

Answer 52

**1. a set of laws that people in a society must obey, or the fact that such a set of laws exists** * *"Everyone is subject to the rule of law."* * *"Rule of law is essential to the future of the country."*

Answer 53

**1. to decide and say if you think someone is guilty or not guilty, or what punishment the person will be given in a court of law** * *"[return a verdict/sentence of] The jury returned a verdict of not guilty."* * *"It took teh jury less than three hours to return a guilty verdict on all charges in the case."* * *"The judge instructed the jury that they were not able to return a sentence of life in prison given the verdict."* * *"Jurors in this state are allowed to return a sentence of death if they find the defendant guilty of first-degree murder charges."*

Answer 54

**1. to begin a discussion of something that you find difficult to talk about** * *"At some point we've got to discuss money but I don't know how to broach the subject with him."* * *"How should I broach the subject of his funeral with my father?"*

Answer 55

**1. to refuse to think about unpleasant facts, although they will have an influence on your situation** * *"You've got to face facts here - you can't just bury your head in the sand."*

Answer 56

**1. If you have the upper hand, you have more power than anyone else and so have control** * *"After hours of fierce negotiations, the president gained/got/had the upper hand."*

Answer 57

**1. to persuade other people to allow you to do what you want** * *"My little brother always gets his own way."*

Answer 58

**1. to secretly use the influence you have over important people in order to get something or to help someone** * *"I may be able to pull a few strings if you need the document urgently."*

Answer 59

**1. official rules and processes that seem unnecessary and delay results** * *"We must cut through the red tape."*

Answer 60

**1. to do something illegal and often violent in order to punish someone because you know the law will not punish that person** * *"One day, after years of violent abuse from her husband, she took the law into her own hands."*

Answer 61

**1. important people who have authority over others** * *"It's up to the powers that be to decide what should be done next."*

Answer 62

**1. to severely punish someone** * *"After the accident, the safety inspector threw the book at the company directors."*