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UNIT XI ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of Endocrine System

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Pineal Body
  4. Thyroid
  5. Parathyroids (posterior part of thyroid
  6. Thymus
  7. Adrenals
  8. Pancreas (islets)
  9. Ovaries (female)
  10. Testes (males)
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2
Q

Functions of Endrocrine System

A
  1. Controls homeostasis
  2. Maintains water balance
  3. Controls uterine contractions
  4. Controls milk production
  5. Regulate ions (calcium, sodium, potassium)
  6. Regulates metabolism and growth
  7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
  8. Monitors blood glucose levels
  9. Aids the immune system
  10. Reproductive functions
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3
Q

Components of Endocrine System

A
  1. Endocrine glands
  2. Chemical signal
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4
Q

Components of Endocrine System

Secrete their product directly into blood stream

A

Endocrine glands

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5
Q

Components of Endocrine System

molecules that are released from one location, move to another location, and produce a response

A

Chemical signal

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6
Q

Types of Chemical Signals

A
  1. Intracellular
  2. Intercellular
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7
Q

Types of Chemical Signals

produce in one of part a cell and move to another part of same cell

A

Intracellular

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8
Q

Types of Chemical Signals

released from one cell and bind to receptors on another cell

A

Intercellular

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9
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators
  4. Pheromones
  5. Hormones and neurohormones
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10
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. released by cells and a have local effect on same cell type
2. Ex. (released in response to
inflammation)

A

1. Autocrine
2. Ex. Eicosanoids

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11
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. Released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity
2. Ex. (inhibits insulin secretion)

A

1. Paracrine
2. Ex. Somatostatin

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12
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. secreted by nerve cells
2. Ex.

A

1. Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators
2. Nervous system function

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13
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. secreted into env’t and modify behavior and physiology of other individdual in same species
2. Ex.

A

1. Pheromones
2. Women and menstrual cycles

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14
Q

Types of Intercellular Signals

1. secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites
2. Ex.

A

1. Hormones and neurohormones
2. Epinephrine and insulin

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15
Q

Components of Hormones

A
  1. Receptor site
  2. Target tissues
  3. Specificity
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16
Q

Components of Hormones

location on a cell where hormone binds (lock)

A

Receptor site

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17
Q

Components of Hormones

group of cells that respond to specific hormones

A

Target tissues

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18
Q

Components of Hormones

specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites

A

Specificity

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19
Q

Parts of Target Cell Response to Hormones

A
  1. Circulating blood
  2. Capillary
  3. Hormone
  4. Target cell with receptors for the hormone
  5. Nontarget cell with different receptor types
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20
Q

Parts of Target Cell Response to Hormones

are secreted into the blood and distributed throughout the body where diffuse from the blood into the _______

A

Hormones and intersititial fluid (yellow arrow)

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21
Q

Types of Hormones

A
  1. Water soluble
  2. Lipid hormones
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22
Q

Types of Hormones

1. Includes proteins, peptides, amino acids
2. Most common
3. Ex.

A

1. Water Soluble
2. Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin, etc.

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23
Q

Types of Hormones

1. includes steroids and eicosanoids
2. Ex.

A

1. Lipid hormones
2. LH, FSH, androgens

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24
Q

Regulation of Hormones

A
  1. Blood Levels of Chemicals
  2. Other hormones
  3. Nervous system
  4. Negative Feedback
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25
# **Regulation of Hormones** **Example of Blood levels of chemicals**
Ex. Blood glucose levels (insulin)
26
# **Regulation of Hormones** **Example of Other hormones**
Ex. TSH signals thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
27
# **Regulation of Hormones** **Example of Nervous system**
Ex. Epinephrine and fight or flight response
28
# **Regulation of Hormones** **tells body when homeostasis is reached**
Negative Feedback
29
**Parts of Pituitary Gland**
**1. Mammillary Body 2. Hypothalamus 3. Infundibulum 4. Pituitary gland** 5. Optic Chiasm 6. Sella turcica of sphenoid bone 7. Third ventricle 9. Hypothalamic nerve cell
30
**1. Small gland in brain 2. Controlled by ____ 3. Divides into 2 regions:____ 4. Secretes at least _____**
**1. Pituitary Gland** 2. Hypothalamus 3. Anterior and Posterior 4. 6 hormones
31
**Anterior Pituitary**
**1. Growth hormone (GH)** Bone **2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)** Adrenal cortex **3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)** Thyroid gland **4. Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)** Testis and Ovary **5. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone** Skin **6. Prolactin** Mammary glands
32
**Posterior Pituitary**
**1. Oxytocin** Uterus smooth muscle and mammary glands **2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)** Kidney tubules
33
# **Anterior pituitary** **Growth hormone (GH)**
Bone
34
# **Anterior pituitary** **Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)**
Adrenal cortex
35
# **Anterior pituitary** **Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)**
Thyroid gland
36
# **Anterior pituitary** **Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)**
1. Testis 2. Ovary
37
# **Anterior pituitary** **Melanocyte-stimulating hormone**
Skin
38
# **Anterior pituitary** **Prolactin**
Mammary glands
39
# **Posterior pituitary** **Oxytocin**
Uterus smooth mucscle and Mammary glands
40
# **Posterior pituitary** **Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)**
Kidney tubules
41
# **Anterior pituitary** **Growth Hormone:** Target tissues: Functions: Abnormalities:
**Target tissues:** Most **Functions:** Stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs **Abnormalities:** 1. Too much GH causes giantism 2. Too little GH cause pituitary dwarfism
42
# **Anterior pituitary** **Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)** Target tissues: Functions: Abnormalities:
**Target tissues:** thyroid gland **Functions:** regulates thyroid gland secretions **Abnormalities:** 1. Too much TSH, throid gland enlarges 2. Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
43
# **Anterior pituitary** **LH (Luteinizing) for females:** Target tissue: Function:
**Target tissue:** ovaries **Function:** promotes ovulation and progesterone production
44
# **Anterior pituitary** **LH for males:** Target tissue: Function:
**Target tissue:** testes **Function:** sperm production and testosterone
45
# **Anterior pituitary** **FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for females:** Target tissue: Function:
**Target tissue:** follicles in ovaries **Function:** follicle maturation and estrogen secretion
46
# **Anterior pituitary** **FSH for males:** Target tissue Function
**Target tissue:** seminiferous tubules (testes) **Function:** sperm production
47
# **Anterior pituitary** **Prolactin:** Target tissues: Functions:
**Target tissues:** mammary glands and ovaries **Functions:** milk production
48
# **Posterior Pituitary Gland** **Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)** Target tissues: Functions: Abnormalities:
**Target tissues:** kidneys **Functions:** conserve water **Abnormalities:** Diabetes insipidus: 1. low ADH 2. kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery) urine 3. can lead to dehydration and thirst
49
# **Posterior pituitary** **Oxytocin:** Target tissues: Functions:
**Target tissues:** uterus **Functions:** increases uterine contractions during labor; milk "let-down"
50
**1. One of largest glands 2. Requires iodine to function**
Thyroid Gland
51
# **Thyroid Gland** **Thyroid Hormones:** Target tissues: Functions:
**Target tissues:** most **Functions:** regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth
52
**Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland**
1. Hypothyroidism 2. Hyperthyroidism
53
# **Abnormalities Thyroid Gland** **Characteristics of Hypothyroidism**
1. Decreased metabolism 2. Weight gain, reduce appetite, fatigue 3. Low temp. and pulse 4. Dry, cold skin 5. Myxedema in Adults 6. Cretinism in infants
54
# **Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland** **Characteristics of Hyperthyroidism**
1. Increased metabolism 2. Weight loss, increased appetites, nervouseness 3. Higher temp. and pulse 4. Warm, flushed skin 5. Graves' disease (leads to goiter)
55
# **Thyroid Gland** **Calcitonin:** Target tissues: Functions:
**Target tissues:** bones **Functions:** secreted when blood Ca^2+ levels are high
56
**Parts of Parathyroid Gland**
1. Pharynx 2. Posterior aspect of thyroid gland 3. Esophagus 4. Trachea 5. Parathyroid glands
57
# **Parathyroid Gland** **Parathyroid hormone (PTH):** Target tissues: Functions:
**Target tissues:** bones and kidneys **Functions:** regulates blood Ca^2+ levels (more than calcitonin) If Ca^2+ is **low** then osteoclasts **break down** bone matrix and **less** Ca^2+ is lost in urine IF Ca^2+ is **high** then osteoclast **don't break down** bone matrix and **more** Ca^2+ is lost in urine
58
**Parts of Adrenal Glands** | **a. Anterior View**
**a. Anterior View** 1. Adrenal glands 2. Abdominal aorta 3. Adrenal gland 4. Fat 5. Renal Artery 6. Renal Vein 7. Kidney 8. Ureter
59
**Parts of Adrenal Glands** | **b.**
1. Cortex 2. Medulla 3. Adrenal gland
60
**Parts of Adrenal Glands** | **c.**
**Cortex** 1. Connective tissue capsule 2. Secretes mineralocorticoids 3. Secretes glucocorticoids 4. Secretes androgens **Medulla**
61
**Anatomy and Histology of the Adrenal Gland**
a. An adrenal gland lies at the superior pole of each kidney b. The adrenal glands have an outer cortex and an inner medulla c. The cortex is surrouded by a connective tissue capsule
62
**1. On kidneys 2. 2 Regions ______ and ______**
1. Adrenal Glands 2. Medulla and Cortex
63
# **Adrenal Glands** **Adrenal Medulla (inner portion):** **- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine:** Target tissues: Functions:
**- Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine:** **Target tissues:** heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells **Functions:** released as part of fight or flight response
64
# **Adrenal Glands** **Adrenal Cortex (outer portion): ** **- Aldosterone:** -**type of ______** Target tissues: Functions
**Type of **mineralocorticoids **Target tissues:** kidneys **Functions:** causes Na^+ and H2O to be retained and K^+ to be secreted, indirectly involvd with blood pressure and blood volume
65
# **Adrenal Glands** **Cortisol:** -**type of ______** Target tissues: Functions:
**Type of** glucocorticoids **Target tissues:** most **Functions:** increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses reduce inflammatory and immune reponses
66
# **Adrenal Glands** **Androgens:** Target tissues: Functions:
**Target tissues:** most **Functions:** Males: secondary sexual characteristics Females: sex drive
67
# **Pancreas** **Organ in abdomen** **Insulin:** Target tissues: Functions:
**Insulin:** **Target tissues:** liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and satiety center of hypothalamus **Functions** 1. regulates blood glucose levels 2. after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted 3. extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen
68
# **Stucture of the Pancreas** **The ________ portion of the pancreas is made oup of scattered pancreatic islets. Aplha cells secretes ________, and beta cells secrete _______**
1. Endocrine 2. Alpha Cells (secretes glucagon) 3. Beta Cells (secretes insulin)
69
# **Stucture of the Pancreas** **Secrete enzymes that move through the ducts of the small intestine**
Exocrine portions of pancreas
70
# **Stucture of the Pancreas** **first part of small intestine**
Duodenum
71
# **Stucture of the Pancreas** **Parts of Pancreas**
1. Duodenum 2. Common bile duct form liver 3. Pancreatic duct 4. Pancreas 5. Exocrine portion of pancreas 6. Pancreatic islet 6. Alpha Cell (secretes glucagon) 7. Beta cell (secretes insulin) 8. To pancreatic duct 9. To blood stream
72
# **Pancreas** -**Abnormalities** **Diabetes mellitus:** Causes: Symptoms: Type I: Type II:
**Diabetes mellitus** **Causes:** too littel insulin or faulty insulin receptors **Symptoms:** exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, fatigue **Type I:** insulin dependent (daily injections required) **Type II:** insulin independent, often found in obese people, can be treated with diet but can turn into type I
73
# **Pancreas** **Glucagon:** Target tissues: Function:
**Glucagon:** **Target tissues:** liver **Function** 1. regulates blood glucose levels 2. between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted 3. glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose
74
-**Testes** **Terstosterone:** Taget tissues: Functions:
**Testosterone:** **Target tissues:** most **Functions:** aids in sperm and reproductive organ development and function
75
-**Ovaries** **Estrogen/Progesterone:** Target tissues: Functions:
**Estrogen/Progesterone:** **Target tissues:** most **Functions:** involved in uterine and mammary gland development and mestrual cycle
76
-**Thymus gland** **Thymosin:** Target tissues: Functions:
**Thymosin:** **Target tissues:** immune system tissues **Functions:** promotes immune system development and function
77
-**Pineal Body** **Melatonin:** Target tissues: Functions:
**Melatonin:** **Target tissues:** hypothalamus **Functions:** plays a role in onset of puberty and controls circadian rhythms. Light affects its function
78
# **Pineal Body** **1. Inhibits GnRH secretion from hypothalamus 2. May help regulate sleep cycles by enchancing the tendency to sleep**
**Melatonin**
79
**Parts of Pineal Body**
1. Pineal body 2. Postganglionic sympathetic neuron 3. Sympathetic ganglion 4. Preganglionic sympathetic neuron 5. Melatonin 6. Hypothalamus 7. Neural pathways 8. Eye (light rays)
80
**1. Increasing day length ________ neural stimulation of melatonin 2. Decreasing day length ________ nural stimulation of melatonin secretion**
1. **Increasing day**length **reduces** neural stimulation of melatonin secretation 2. **Decreasing day** length **increases**neural stimulation of melatonin secretion

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