unit three Flashcards
St. Thomas Aquinas
- not only the image is received through the senses but also the species (everything is a species, all key pieces of info are species)
etc. see chair (black, hard)
species- combination of the object itself and the form (categorial qualities)
common matter vs individual matter
common matter- idea of matter and how it might be composed
individuated matter- stuff that actually makes up an object
Descartes
“I think, there I am”
want basket of oranges, look for the perfect orange- couldn’t find one, nothing is perfect
can only be sure about the many uncertainties- only thing can know for certain is that you can think
-everything you know is learned through the senses which is not always trustworthy
-only thing know for certain is that we are thinking
knew he existed, because he would not be able to think about exciting- know nothing else
rationalism
theory that says knowledge comes from the ability to reason
John Locke
- chalkboard, empty when born
(mind is like a blank slate, has to be written on- as we experience the world, we gain and keep information
we experience sensations of developed ideas after reflecting on our impressions of them
two type of qualities
- primary quailties- everyone think the same- number, shape etc.
-secondary qualitities- everyone think different- from our senses etc. colour, temperature, smell, taste, sound
empiricism
a theory that says knowledge comes from the senses
George Berkley
cannot see outside it does not exists, have to be able to see it
hume
-understand relationship between cause and effect
-only can trust mind- just because something has happened doesnt mean will happen in the future
- connections made by our imagination, cannot trust this must experience with our senses
Kant
posteriori and priori knowledge
- not be born with a blank slate- priori knowledge etc. time
posteriori
posteriori- knowledge that comes from sense experience
priori- knowledge comes from human mind without experience
pierce
reality is not a fixed thing
pragmatism- valuing practical and useful
-only believe in things that are useful to you
-meaning of idea is identical to effects
Pragmatism
valuing practical and useful
verificationism
if you can prove it with science than it is true
husseri
-important to observe and reflect on human behavior- focus on how we view reality thinking about culture and history, others experience different perspectives
Phenomenology
things in real world and peoples conscious of things are the same thing
Russel
knowledge by acquaintance- involves only the senses
knowledge by description-
depends on senses-uses process of inference
correspondence theory- beliefs are true when they correspond to reality (belief that is formed by knowledge) if knowledge lines with our reality belief is true.
etc. headache
senses say and infer- have a headache
in reality have a headache- true
Wittgenstein
true through verification
different meaning for single word
learned to react through habit
need to determine what we know, in regards to context
Quine
- behaviorism, all human behaviors are a result of our experiences and how we have been conditioned
describe only what we have been conditioned to in English
- how do we know we are missing language
Aristotle
Two qualities unseperatable
Believed we learn things through the experience of our senses
Plato
Always had the knowledge of the forms in our minds, even before birth- we just need to remember them
Important to question our assumptions
Idea or things essence and matter being separate
Inductive reasoning
Observing particular things than using those observation make a generalization
Skepticism
Nothing can be known
Doubt all knowledge that our senses receive because our world is ever changing and unreliable
