unit three

Question 1

St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer 1

• not only the image is received through the senses but also the species (everything is a species, all key pieces of info are species)
  etc. see chair (black, hard)

species- combination of the object itself and the form (categorial qualities)

Question 2

common matter vs individual matter

Answer 2

common matter- idea of matter and how it might be composed

individuated matter- stuff that actually makes up an object

Question 3

Descartes

Answer 3

“I think, there I am”
want basket of oranges, look for the perfect orange- couldn’t find one, nothing is perfect

can only be sure about the many uncertainties- only thing can know for certain is that you can think

-everything you know is learned through the senses which is not always trustworthy
-only thing know for certain is that we are thinking

knew he existed, because he would not be able to think about exciting- know nothing else

Question 4

rationalism

Answer 4

theory that says knowledge comes from the ability to reason

Question 5

John Locke

Answer 5

• chalkboard, empty when born
  (mind is like a blank slate, has to be written on- as we experience the world, we gain and keep information

we experience sensations of developed ideas after reflecting on our impressions of them
two type of qualities
- primary quailties- everyone think the same- number, shape etc.
-secondary qualitities- everyone think different- from our senses etc. colour, temperature, smell, taste, sound

Question 6

empiricism

Answer 6

a theory that says knowledge comes from the senses

Question 7

George Berkley

Answer 7

cannot see outside it does not exists, have to be able to see it

Question 8

hume

Answer 8

-understand relationship between cause and effect
-only can trust mind- just because something has happened doesnt mean will happen in the future
- connections made by our imagination, cannot trust this must experience with our senses

Question 9

Kant

Answer 9

posteriori and priori knowledge
- not be born with a blank slate- priori knowledge etc. time

Question 10

posteriori

Answer 10

posteriori- knowledge that comes from sense experience

priori- knowledge comes from human mind without experience

Question 11

pierce

Answer 11

reality is not a fixed thing
pragmatism- valuing practical and useful

-only believe in things that are useful to you
-meaning of idea is identical to effects

Question 12

Pragmatism

Answer 12

valuing practical and useful

Question 13

verificationism

Answer 13

if you can prove it with science than it is true

Question 14

husseri

Answer 14

-important to observe and reflect on human behavior- focus on how we view reality thinking about culture and history, others experience different perspectives

Question 15

Phenomenology

Answer 15

things in real world and peoples conscious of things are the same thing

Question 16

Russel

Answer 16

knowledge by acquaintance- involves only the senses
knowledge by description-
depends on senses-uses process of inference

correspondence theory- beliefs are true when they correspond to reality (belief that is formed by knowledge) if knowledge lines with our reality belief is true.

etc. headache
senses say and infer- have a headache
in reality have a headache- true

Question 17

Wittgenstein

Answer 17

true through verification
different meaning for single word

learned to react through habit
need to determine what we know, in regards to context

Question 18

Quine

Answer 18

• behaviorism, all human behaviors are a result of our experiences and how we have been conditioned

describe only what we have been conditioned to in English

• how do we know we are missing language

Question 19

Aristotle

Answer 19

Two qualities unseperatable

Believed we learn things through the experience of our senses

Question 20

Plato

Answer 20

Always had the knowledge of the forms in our minds, even before birth- we just need to remember them

Important to question our assumptions

Idea or things essence and matter being separate

Question 21

Inductive reasoning

Answer 21

Observing particular things than using those observation make a generalization

Question 22

Skepticism

Answer 22

Nothing can be known
Doubt all knowledge that our senses receive because our world is ever changing and unreliable