Exam Prep 3/4

Question 1

Plato innate ideas and rationalism

Answer 1

• always had the knowledge of forms in our mind, even before birth (innate ideas)
• we just have to remember them
• process of rationalization can help with this

Rationalism- knowledge comes from the ability to reason

Question 2

Aristotle inductive reasoning

Answer 2

• observing things, use observations to make a generalization

Inductive reasoning- observing particular things, using those observations to make a generalization

Question 3

Skepticism

Answer 3

• nothing can be known. Should doubt all knowledge that our sense receive because our senses are ever- changing and unreliable
• can’t trust our senses- reasoning not helpful, based on unreliable information

Question 4

Descartes. “I think therefore I am”

Answer 4

Cogito ergo sum

Tried to eliminate everything from his mind that was an opinion
Realized that the fact the only think he could know is that he is thinking.

Able to think and reason showed him
that he existed

Question 5

John Locke.
Blank slate and Empiricism

Answer 5

Empiricism. Knowledge comes from the senses

Blank slate.
Born our mind is a blank slate. Experience the world we gain and keep information

Question 6

Primary vs secondary qualities

Answer 6

Primary. Inseparable from the thing that is perceived. Solidity. Shape. Motion. Number.

Secondary.
Come from senses.
Vary under observation.
Colour. Smell. Taste. Sound.

Question 7

Berkeley subjective idealism

Answer 7

“ to be je to be perceived”
- only things exist when they are perceived- no separation person who observes and the object (subjective idealism)

Question 8

Hume causality

Answer 8

• unable to understand relationship between cause and effect (could not these. Not something we experience with the senses)

Question 9

Posteriori and priori knowledge

Answer 9

Posterior- knowledge that comes from the senses

Priori- knowledge that comes form the human mind and independent sense experience

Kant believes
“Not born blank slate”

Question 10

Pragmatism

Answer 10

Pragmatism- value the practical and useful

• only believe in things that are useful to them. Believe meaning of an idea is identical to its effects

Question 11

Wittgenstein

Answer 11

Language games- word or sentence had meaning as only the result of the “rule” of the game
Depending on CONTEXT
Etc. “water” - could be an order. Answer to question. Form of communication

Question 12

Quine behaviourism

Answer 12

All human behaviours are a result of our experiences and how we have been conditioned

Question 13

Seven grandfather teachings

Answer 13

Wisdom- beaver
Love- eagle
Respect- Buffalo
Bravery- bear
Honesty- giant
Humility- wolf
Truth- turtle

Question 14

Theistic normative Ethics

Answer 14

Look at moral rules with God in the centre

Question 15

Divine command theory

Answer 15

• right and wrong are denied by the commands if a supreme being

Question 16

Hedonism vs stoicism

Answer 16

Hedonism- only thing that matters is pleasure

Stoicism- achieving happiness by living wisely and striving to live a well ordered life

Question 17

Plato’s euthyphro dilemma

Answer 17

Socrates asks- does god like morally good things or are things morally good because god likes them?

False dichotomy/ more options than what is presented

Question 18

Glaucoma challenge to Socrates

Answer 18

Glaucoma says things we see good are divided into 3 hierarchal categories
1. Want because they feel good (entertainment)
2. Want because the benefit (exercise. Labour)
3. Feel good and benefits.( knowledge, health, sight)

Question 19

Artisole virtue ethics

Answer 19

• emphasizes roll of character
• good person is a virtuous person, someone who choice are guided by good character, instead of just weighting the consequences of an action

Question 20

Kants categorical imperative

Answer 20

Absolute moral rule. Should always choose a course of action that you would want others to take. Very time choice presented itself

Question 21

Nozick sense of obligation

Answer 21

• obligation to do things rather than just experience them
• should take control over our real lives and have real interactions with other people.

Question 22

Teleological problem.

What is the goal. Endpoint or final outcome of human existence

Question 23

Utilitarianism

Answer 23

Theory say what is right is whatever will bring about the greatest good for the most people

Question 24

Moral absolutism and moral relativism

Answer 24

moral relativism- only have subjective beliefs in morality because of our bias, try to come to common understanding so everyone can express their moral beliefs

Moral absolutism-
Basic truths that are indisputably good but expressions of these truths may bery

Question 25

Stare existentialism

Answer 25

• each person exits first than creates their own essence by defining themselves and determining who they will be and crossing what they value

Everything. Actions. Beliefs. Feeling. Attitudes are a choice

People entire rally responsible

Question 26

Gyekye

Answer 26

Communitarianism. Argues for the rights of the community over rights if an individual

• born in community. Have responsibility over others. Fulfill own goals and maintain free will through there interactions with others in society