Exam Prep 1/2 Flashcards
Primary sources
Letters, speeches, pictures
Secondary sources
Textbook. Newspaper. Biography
Bias
Selection/ omission (what is included and what isn’t)
Placement (what is being presented as the most significant)
Headline (how is information being simplified)
Word choice (what emotional impression is made)
False balance (is disproportionate to amount of attention given)
How to find reliable sources
Ask questions.
Evaluate content. Authors. Find intention of the source.
Recognize own bias
Logical fallacies
Flaw in a argument. Tactic to gain power in debates, but do not address the topic at hand
Ad Hominem- directing the argument at the person, attacking the person making the debate “you are stupid for what you think”
Appeal to pity- prove an argument by making someone feel a certain emotion
“ you should donate to this organization because”
Debate etiquette
Be patient. Respectful. And prepared. Calm. Avoid using logical fallacies
Don’t be rude. Yell. Uneducated
Plato’s forms
Forms- perfect original.
Everything in this world is an imperfect copy of something that is perfect, cannot be altered or destroyed
Imperfect copies draw from the forms, existence depends on it
Particular- something at exist
Form- perfect original
Essence or intrinsic nature
The way imperfect things draw from the form,
Qualities of the form that the copy imitates (roundness etc.)
Plato allegory of the caves
- people chained within the cave
- behind them is a fire, prisoners carrying puppets or other objects, these cast shadows on the opposite wall
- prisoners watch these shadows believing this to be their reality as they known nothing else
- one prisoner becomes free and realizes the shadows are fake. See a whole new world they were unaware of
- believed outside world much more real than in the cave
Meaning of Plato Allegory of the Cave
Humans choose to live in blissful ignorance- all they ever known and comfortable for them
- hate the uncomfortable of seeking the truth, never seek it
- prisoners eyes burn at first when leave the cave but when his eyes adjust realize lift is better outside the cave
- need to search for truth and reality
Monism (Aristotle)
- reality consist of one all encompassing thing and that all particular things are manifestations or expressions or that one thing
Idealism and materialism
Only ideas and only matter
Dualism (Plato)
Some who believed that reality is made if both mind and matter
Materialism and idealism
Materialist - world only made from matter
Idealist- world only made from ideas
Aristotle four causes of nature
Material cause. Physical properties
Formal cause. Structure of design. (Shape of table)
Agent. Force that brings something about (hammer)
Final cause. Purpose of existing (dining)
Ontological arguments
God is that than nothing greater can be thought
Prove that god exist
Two possibilities- God exist only in the mind. Or in mind and reality
