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Biology 106 > Unit Test 4 > Flashcards

Unit Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define nondisjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I, chromatids in anaphase II, or chromatids in mitosis to separate (stay together)

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2
Q

Describe 4 different human anomalies that result from nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes

A

Down Syndrome: (Genotype) Tisomy 21 – Triple Chromosomes #21 (47 chromosomes)

(Phenotype) individuals are slow learning, mental retardation, longer tongue (furrowed); extra fold of eyelids.

Turners Syndrome: (Genotype) XO, 45 chromosomes; missing a sex chromosome. Have X – female but not a 2nd X or Y; All Females.

(Phenotype) shielded chest; wedded neck; sterile

Klinefelter’s Syndrome: (Genotype) XXY, 47 Chromosomes, extra sex chromosome.

(Phenotype) Tall, sterile, show signs of both sex organs, little breast development.

Jacobs Syndrome: (Genotype) XYY, 47 Chromosomes, extra sex chromosome; All male.

(Phenotype) Aggression, Tall, acne

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3
Q

Define genetics

A

Study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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4
Q

What is a trait?

A

Characteristic or feature of an individual

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5
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

Phenotype – actual expression or appearance of a trait in an individual

Genotype – actual genetic information

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6
Q

State the Law or Principle of Dominance

A

When two contrasting (different) traits are crossed, the dominant trait appears in the 1st generation (F1)

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7
Q

What is the difference between a dominant and recessive gene?

A

Dominant – always expressed when present

Recessive – may be hidden behind a dominant but still present

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8
Q

How are dominant and recessive genes symbolized?

A

Dominant – symbolized with a capital letter

Recessive – symbolized with lower case

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9
Q

What is the difference between the F1 and F2 generation?

A

F1 is the first generation

F2 are the offspring produced by F1

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10
Q

State the Law of Segregation

A

Each parent has two factors (genes) coding for a trait which separates during gamete formation

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11
Q

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

A

Homozygous – have the same form of the factor coding for the trait. TT or tt

Heterozygous – have a different form of the factor coding for a trait. Tt

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12
Q

What is the difference between a purebred and a hybrid?

A

Hybrid – mixed ancestry

Purebred – non-mixed ancestry

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13
Q

Which genes are carried in a cell?

A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

State the Law of Independent Assortment

A

Alleles separate independently during gamete formation

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15
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alleles – alternative forms of genes

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16
Q

Give some examples of alleles of a trait

A

Blue eyes, green eyes, black skin, white skin

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the Punnett Square?

A

Mathematical tool used to predict inheritance patterns

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18
Q

Describe the genotype and phenotype of the following human traits. Tay Sachs, Huntingdon’s, Achondroplasia, and Phenylketonuria

A

Tay Sachs: (Genotype) tt

(Phenotype) Inability to produce hexosaminidase A which causes certain sphingolipids to be stored in the brain, leads to seizures, paralysis, death.
Normal – TT or Tt

Huntingdon’s: (genotype) HH Hh

(Phenotype) over production of quinolinic acid leads to the over stimulation of nerves in the brain; uncoordinated or jerky movements, dementia, death
Normal – hh

Achondroplasia: (Dwarfism) – (genotype) Dd

(Phenotype) bulging forehead; short stature; heterozygous
Normal – dd
DD – die at childbirth due to massive skeletal deformation.

Phenylketonuria: (PKU) – (genotype) pp

(Phenotype) inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; leads to the production of phenyl ketones which accumulate in the blood. Mental retardation
Normal – PP or Pp

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19
Q

Define codominance

A

Both forms of a trait show up in the phenotype (not blended)

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20
Q

How are codominant traits symbolized?

A

Capital letter and a superscript letter

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21
Q

Describe the genotype and phenotype of the following codominance inheritance pattern: Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Genotype – homozygous dominant – SS; Carrier – Ss; normal – ss

Phenotype – red blood cells are sickle shaped and have trouble carrying oxygen causing the person to be anemic (decreased number of circulating red blood cells); fatigued; increased susceptibility to infections; delayed puberty

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22
Q

What are sex-linked traits?

A

Passed from the mother to the son because of link to the X sex chromosome

Ex: Colorblindness and Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

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23
Q

How is sex determined in humans?

A

Through sex chromosomes that carry genes which determine sex

A chromosome from the sperm cell, either X or Y, fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell, determining whether the baby will be genetically female (XX) or male (XY)

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24
Q

What is the difference between the genetics of a XY and XX individual?

A

XX – female – homozygous dominant or recessive; heterozygous

XY – male – hemizygous dominant or recessive

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25
Q

Describe the genotype and phenotype of the following sex linked inheritance patterns: Hemophilia, Colorblindness, and Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

A

Colorblindness: (genotype) XC XC or XC Y

(Phenotype) inability to discriminate between certain colors

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy: (genotype) Xd Y or Xd Xd (not very likely)

(Phenotype) deterioration of muscles gradually over a period of time

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26
Q

Define evolution

A

A change in a population over time

27
Q

What is the relationship between a population and a species?

A

Individuals of the same kind otherwise known as a species that live in a defined area are known as a population

28
Q

Define population

A

members of the same species living in a defined area

29
Q

Define species

A

individuals of the same kind

30
Q

State the Theory of Organic evolution

A

A theory claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection

31
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains of living things

32
Q

List some examples of fossils

A

Imprints, bones, specimen encased in resin

33
Q

How does the presence of fossils support the theory of evolution?

A

Fossils serve to highlight the differences and similarities between current and extinct species, showing the evolution of form over time

34
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures that have a similar embryological origin

35
Q

Give some examples of homologous structures

A

The arm of a human, the wing of a bird or a bat, the leg of a dog and the flipper of a dolphin or whale

36
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Homologous structures that have lost their function but have a function in other organisms

37
Q

Give some examples of vestigial structures

A

Legs of a python; appendix in a human; wings on an ostrich or penguin

38
Q

How does the presence of vestigial structures support the theory of evolution?

A

By adding observable evidence to the model of common ancestry

39
Q

How does embryology provide evidence to support evolution?

A

Larval stages of certain species resemble adults of other species

40
Q

Explain what is meant by LaMarck’s Theory of the Evolution by the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics through Use or Disuse

A

An organism can pass on characteristics it has acquired during its lifetime to its offspring

41
Q

What is the basic unit of evolution?

A

Population – members of the same species living in a defined region

42
Q

Define variation

A

Slight differences in members of the same species

43
Q

Define natural selection

A

The environment selects some favorable traits to survive and reproduce while the unfavorable traits die out

44
Q

Explain Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

A

Theory that in any given generation, some individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce than others

45
Q

Define ecology

A

Study of relationships between living things and their environment

46
Q

What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?

A

Habitat – the place where any organism or biological population lives or occurs

Niche – position or function of an organism in a community of plants and animals; Role that a species plays

47
Q

Give some examples of a habitat

A

Forests, meadows or fields, ponds, streams, rivers, flower gardens and even streets

48
Q

Give some examples of a niche

A

Honey bee – Pollinate flowering plants

49
Q

List some characteristics of a population

A

Population density and carrying capacity

50
Q

Compute population density

A

Number of individuals / area

51
Q

How is population growth regulated?

A

Density independent factors and density dependent factors

52
Q

What is the difference between density-independent and density-dependent factors?

A

Density independent factors – has no relationship to the number of individuals in the area (Fire, earthquake, flood, etc.)

Density dependent factors – relate to the number of individuals in the area (competition for food, space, mating)

53
Q

Define community

A

Different species interacting in a particular area

54
Q

Define trophic levels

A

Feeding relationships

55
Q

Describe the main components of a food chain

A

Producers – autotrophs – can make their own food. (Most energy and largest number of individuals) Ex. Bacteria, plants, algae

Consumers – heterotrophs – cannot make their own food

Herbivores – feed mostly on producers
Carnivores – feed primarily on herbivores or other carnivores
Omnivores – eat both producers and animals

56
Q

What is the function of a decomposer?

A

Recycler; convert living matter into inorganic matter

57
Q

List two types of decomposers

A

Bacteria and fungi

58
Q

Define symbiosis

A

Living together; members of two different species interact together

59
Q

Define parasitism, mutualism and commensalism

A

Parasitism – partnership between two different species; only the parasite receives a benefit and the host is harmed.

Mutualism – partnership between two different species; neither is harmed and both receive a benefit

Commensalism – partnership between two different species; only the commensal receives a benefit but neither the host or commensal is harmed

60
Q

Identify examples of parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism

A

Parasitism –Tapeworms attach themselves to the insides of the intestines of animals such as cows, pigs, and humans. They get food by eating the host’s partly digested food which deprives the host of nutrients.

Mutualism – The tick bird and the rhinoceros. The tick bird eats ticks and other parasites that live on the rhino providing food while the rhino gets cleaned and pest control. When there is danger, the tick birds fly upward and scream a warning, which helps the rhino.

Commensalism – Barnacles usually rely on currents to bring food past them in order to eat however, some attach themselves to the sides of various sea life, such as whales. They benefit by receiving transportation all over the ocean, exposing them to more currents and feeding opportunities. The whale receives no benefit or harm by the barnacles.

61
Q

Describe the Punnett square

A

Mathematical tool used to predict inheritance patterns. It is shown as four boxes all together. The genotype of the father is listed either on the top or the left side of the boxes. The genotype of the mother is listed either on the top or left side of the boxes depending on where the fathers genotype is displayed. The boxes are then filled in based on the corresponding genotype information from the parents to determine the genotypes of the offspring.

62
Q

Describe both the genotype and phenotype of Jacob’s Syndrome, Klinfelter’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome, and Triplo-X Syndrome?

A

Jacobs Syndrome: (Genotype) XYY, 47 Chromosomes, extra sex chromosome. All male.

(Phenotype) Aggression, Tall, acne

Klinefelter’s Syndrome: (Genotype) XXY, 47 Chromosomes, extra sex chromosome.

(Phenotype) Tall, sterile, show signs of both sex organs, little breast development.

Turners Syndrome: (Genotype) XO, 45 chromosomes; missing a sex chromosome. Have X – female but not a 2nd X or Y; All Females.

(Phenotype) shielded chest; wedded neck; sterile

Triplo-X Syndrome: (genotype) XXX, 47 Chromosomes; has an additional X chromosome in each of the female‘s cells.

(Phenotype) Taller than average; normal sexual development; increased risk of learning disabilities, delayed speech and language skills, delayed motor skills (walking or sitting), weak muscle tone, behavioral or emotional difficulties

63
Q

Diagram a 4-linked aquatic and desert food chain

A 
Aquatic – 
	Algae (producer)
	Zooplankton (primary consumer)
	Fish (2nd order consumer)
	Seal (3rd order consumer)
	Killer Whale (4th order consumer)
Desert – 
        Cactus (producer)
	Insects (primary consumer)
	Lizard (2nd order consumer)
	Snake (3rd order consumer)
	Hawk (4th order consumer)

Biology 106 (7 decks)

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