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Biology 106 > Unit Test 4 > Flashcards

Unit Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define nondisjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I, chromatids in anaphase II, or chromatids in mitosis to separate (stay together)

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2
Q

Describe 4 different human anomalies that result from nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes

A

Down Syndrome: (Genotype) Tisomy 21 – Triple Chromosomes #21 (47 chromosomes)

(Phenotype) individuals are slow learning, mental retardation, longer tongue (furrowed); extra fold of eyelids.

Turners Syndrome: (Genotype) XO, 45 chromosomes; missing a sex chromosome. Have X – female but not a 2nd X or Y; All Females.

(Phenotype) shielded chest; wedded neck; sterile

Klinefelter’s Syndrome: (Genotype) XXY, 47 Chromosomes, extra sex chromosome.

(Phenotype) Tall, sterile, show signs of both sex organs, little breast development.

Jacobs Syndrome: (Genotype) XYY, 47 Chromosomes, extra sex chromosome; All male.

(Phenotype) Aggression, Tall, acne

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3
Q

Define genetics

A

Study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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4
Q

What is a trait?

A

Characteristic or feature of an individual

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5
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

Phenotype – actual expression or appearance of a trait in an individual

Genotype – actual genetic information

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6
Q

State the Law or Principle of Dominance

A

When two contrasting (different) traits are crossed, the dominant trait appears in the 1st generation (F1)

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7
Q

What is the difference between a dominant and recessive gene?

A

Dominant – always expressed when present

Recessive – may be hidden behind a dominant but still present

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8
Q

How are dominant and recessive genes symbolized?

A

Dominant – symbolized with a capital letter

Recessive – symbolized with lower case

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9
Q

What is the difference between the F1 and F2 generation?

A

F1 is the first generation

F2 are the offspring produced by F1

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10
Q

State the Law of Segregation

A

Each parent has two factors (genes) coding for a trait which separates during gamete formation

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11
Q

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

A

Homozygous – have the same form of the factor coding for the trait. TT or tt

Heterozygous – have a different form of the factor coding for a trait. Tt

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12
Q

What is the difference between a purebred and a hybrid?

A

Hybrid – mixed ancestry

Purebred – non-mixed ancestry

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13
Q

Which genes are carried in a cell?

A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

State the Law of Independent Assortment

A

Alleles separate independently during gamete formation

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15
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alleles – alternative forms of genes

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16
Q

Give some examples of alleles of a trait

A

Blue eyes, green eyes, black skin, white skin

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the Punnett Square?

A

Mathematical tool used to predict inheritance patterns

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18
Q

Describe the genotype and phenotype of the following human traits. Tay Sachs, Huntingdon’s, Achondroplasia, and Phenylketonuria

A

Tay Sachs: (Genotype) tt

(Phenotype) Inability to produce hexosaminidase A which causes certain sphingolipids to be stored in the brain, leads to seizures, paralysis, death.
Normal – TT or Tt

Huntingdon’s: (genotype) HH Hh

(Phenotype) over production of quinolinic acid leads to the over stimulation of nerves in the brain; uncoordinated or jerky movements, dementia, death
Normal – hh

Achondroplasia: (Dwarfism) – (genotype) Dd

(Phenotype) bulging forehead; short stature; heterozygous
Normal – dd
DD – die at childbirth due to massive skeletal deformation.

Phenylketonuria: (PKU) – (genotype) pp

(Phenotype) inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; leads to the production of phenyl ketones which accumulate in the blood. Mental retardation
Normal – PP or Pp

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19
Q

Define codominance

A

Both forms of a trait show up in the phenotype (not blended)

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20
Q

How are codominant traits symbolized?

A

Capital letter and a superscript letter

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21
Q

Describe the genotype and phenotype of the following codominance inheritance pattern: Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Genotype – homozygous dominant – SS; Carrier – Ss; normal – ss

Phenotype – red blood cells are sickle shaped and have trouble carrying oxygen causing the person to be anemic (decreased number of circulating red blood cells); fatigued; increased susceptibility to infections; delayed puberty

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22
Q

What are sex-linked traits?

A

Passed from the mother to the son because of link to the X sex chromosome

Ex: Colorblindness and Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

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23
Q

How is sex determined in humans?

A

Through sex chromosomes that carry genes which determine sex

A chromosome from the sperm cell, either X or Y, fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell, determining whether the baby will be genetically female (XX) or male (XY)

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24
Q

What is the difference between the genetics of a XY and XX individual?

A

XX – female – homozygous dominant or recessive; heterozygous

XY – male – hemizygous dominant or recessive

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25
Describe the genotype and phenotype of the following sex linked inheritance patterns: Hemophilia, Colorblindness, and Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Colorblindness: (genotype) XC XC or XC Y (Phenotype) inability to discriminate between certain colors Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy: (genotype) Xd Y or Xd Xd (not very likely) (Phenotype) deterioration of muscles gradually over a period of time
26
Define evolution
A change in a population over time
27
What is the relationship between a population and a species?
Individuals of the same kind otherwise known as a species that live in a defined area are known as a population
28
Define population
members of the same species living in a defined area
29
Define species
individuals of the same kind
30
State the Theory of Organic evolution
A theory claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection
31
What are fossils?
Remains of living things
32
List some examples of fossils
Imprints, bones, specimen encased in resin
33
How does the presence of fossils support the theory of evolution?
Fossils serve to highlight the differences and similarities between current and extinct species, showing the evolution of form over time
34
What are homologous structures?
Structures that have a similar embryological origin
35
Give some examples of homologous structures
The arm of a human, the wing of a bird or a bat, the leg of a dog and the flipper of a dolphin or whale
36
What are vestigial structures?
Homologous structures that have lost their function but have a function in other organisms
37
Give some examples of vestigial structures
Legs of a python; appendix in a human; wings on an ostrich or penguin
38
How does the presence of vestigial structures support the theory of evolution?
By adding observable evidence to the model of common ancestry
39
How does embryology provide evidence to support evolution?
Larval stages of certain species resemble adults of other species
40
Explain what is meant by LaMarck’s Theory of the Evolution by the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics through Use or Disuse
An organism can pass on characteristics it has acquired during its lifetime to its offspring
41
What is the basic unit of evolution?
Population – members of the same species living in a defined region
42
Define variation
Slight differences in members of the same species
43
Define natural selection
The environment selects some favorable traits to survive and reproduce while the unfavorable traits die out
44
Explain Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Theory that in any given generation, some individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce than others
45
Define ecology
Study of relationships between living things and their environment
46
What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
Habitat – the place where any organism or biological population lives or occurs Niche – position or function of an organism in a community of plants and animals; Role that a species plays
47
Give some examples of a habitat
Forests, meadows or fields, ponds, streams, rivers, flower gardens and even streets
48
Give some examples of a niche
Honey bee – Pollinate flowering plants
49
List some characteristics of a population
Population density and carrying capacity
50
Compute population density
Number of individuals / area
51
How is population growth regulated?
Density independent factors and density dependent factors
52
What is the difference between density-independent and density-dependent factors?
Density independent factors – has no relationship to the number of individuals in the area (Fire, earthquake, flood, etc.) Density dependent factors – relate to the number of individuals in the area (competition for food, space, mating)
53
Define community
Different species interacting in a particular area
54
Define trophic levels
Feeding relationships
55
Describe the main components of a food chain
Producers – autotrophs – can make their own food. (Most energy and largest number of individuals) Ex. Bacteria, plants, algae Consumers – heterotrophs – cannot make their own food Herbivores – feed mostly on producers Carnivores – feed primarily on herbivores or other carnivores Omnivores – eat both producers and animals
56
What is the function of a decomposer?
Recycler; convert living matter into inorganic matter
57
List two types of decomposers
Bacteria and fungi
58
Define symbiosis
Living together; members of two different species interact together
59
Define parasitism, mutualism and commensalism
Parasitism – partnership between two different species; only the parasite receives a benefit and the host is harmed. Mutualism – partnership between two different species; neither is harmed and both receive a benefit Commensalism – partnership between two different species; only the commensal receives a benefit but neither the host or commensal is harmed
60
Identify examples of parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism
Parasitism –Tapeworms attach themselves to the insides of the intestines of animals such as cows, pigs, and humans. They get food by eating the host's partly digested food which deprives the host of nutrients. Mutualism – The tick bird and the rhinoceros. The tick bird eats ticks and other parasites that live on the rhino providing food while the rhino gets cleaned and pest control. When there is danger, the tick birds fly upward and scream a warning, which helps the rhino. Commensalism – Barnacles usually rely on currents to bring food past them in order to eat however, some attach themselves to the sides of various sea life, such as whales. They benefit by receiving transportation all over the ocean, exposing them to more currents and feeding opportunities. The whale receives no benefit or harm by the barnacles.
61
Describe the Punnett square
Mathematical tool used to predict inheritance patterns. It is shown as four boxes all together. The genotype of the father is listed either on the top or the left side of the boxes. The genotype of the mother is listed either on the top or left side of the boxes depending on where the fathers genotype is displayed. The boxes are then filled in based on the corresponding genotype information from the parents to determine the genotypes of the offspring.
62
Describe both the genotype and phenotype of Jacob’s Syndrome, Klinfelter’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome, and Triplo-X Syndrome?
Jacobs Syndrome: (Genotype) XYY, 47 Chromosomes, extra sex chromosome. All male. (Phenotype) Aggression, Tall, acne Klinefelter’s Syndrome: (Genotype) XXY, 47 Chromosomes, extra sex chromosome. (Phenotype) Tall, sterile, show signs of both sex organs, little breast development. Turners Syndrome: (Genotype) XO, 45 chromosomes; missing a sex chromosome. Have X – female but not a 2nd X or Y; All Females. (Phenotype) shielded chest; wedded neck; sterile Triplo-X Syndrome: (genotype) XXX, 47 Chromosomes; has an additional X chromosome in each of the female‘s cells. (Phenotype) Taller than average; normal sexual development; increased risk of learning disabilities, delayed speech and language skills, delayed motor skills (walking or sitting), weak muscle tone, behavioral or emotional difficulties
63
Diagram a 4-linked aquatic and desert food chain
``` Aquatic – Algae (producer) Zooplankton (primary consumer) Fish (2nd order consumer) Seal (3rd order consumer) Killer Whale (4th order consumer) ``` ``` Desert – Cactus (producer) Insects (primary consumer) Lizard (2nd order consumer) Snake (3rd order consumer) Hawk (4th order consumer) ```

Biology 106 (7 decks)

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