Final Review Flashcards
Describe the steps in the scientific method
Scientific Method – series of steps used to solve a problem
- Observation – use the 5 senses to perceive a problem or phenomena
- Problem – an unanswered question
- Hypothesis – testable statement or “educated guess”
- Experiment – process of testing the hypothesis
a. Controlled experiment – compare 2 sets of data
b. Data – information - Theory – probable explanation for a set of data
Explain how observations lead to a hypothesis
Use one of the 5 senses to perceive a problem which provide an unanswered question. You make a hypothesis or “educated guess” to try to answer that question.
Identify and explain differences among independent, dependent and controlled variables
Control Group – Standard, reference
Experimental Group – introduce a single variable (change)
Independent Variable – manipulated variable (stimulus)
Dependent Variable – responding variable
Explain how data is gathered and interpreted
Quantitative data – numerical
Qualitative data – non-numerical (texture, color, etc.)
Describe the concept of the Atomic Theory including how it relates to the function of simple and macromolecules
Atomic Theory – atoms are the smallest particles of matter; simple and macromolecules are made up of many atoms
Identify the location and function of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons – found in the nucleus; form the nucleus with neutrons; positively charged subatomic particles
Neutrons – found in the nucleus; form the nucleus with protons; neutral subatomic particles
Electrons – move rapidly about the nucleus in pathways called shells or energy levels; electrons fill the inner shells with electrons before filling the outer shells; electrons fill each shell according to 2n2.
K shell – 2 electrons; L shell – 8 electrons; M shell – 18 electrons
Isotope – atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
Protium – 1 proton; 1 electron
Deuterium – 1 proton; 1 neutron; 1 electron
Tritium – 1 proton; 2 neutrons; 1 electron
Ion – atom that has gained or lost electrons causing a net positive or negative charge
Cation – net positively charged atom formed by losing electrons
Anion – net negatively charged atom formed by gaining electrons
Elements and Chemical symbols – Hydrogen (H) 1, Oxygen (O) 8, Nitrogen (N) 7, Carbon (C) 6, Fluorine (F) 9, Chlorine (Cl) 17, Sodium (Na) 11, Potassium (K) 19, Phosphorus (P) 15, Calcium (Ca) 20, Iron (Fe) 26, Lithium (Li) 3, Aluminum (Al) 13
Explain the formation of covalent (polar and non-polar), ionic and hydrogen bonds
Polar covalent bond – one nucleus has a much stronger pull on the shared electrons
Nonpolar covalent bond – both atoms have equal pull on the shared electrons
Double covalent bonds – atoms share two electrons
Ionic bond – attraction between a cation (+) and an anion (-)
Hydrogen bond – a partial negatively charged atom attracts the positively charged hydrogen from an adjacent molecule
Explain why atoms combine
Atoms combine to fill their outer shells or energy levels with electrons
Describe the characteristics of water that make it suitable to support life
Chemical formula – H2O Polar molecule Universal solvent Cohesive/Cohesion Adhesive
Explain the difference between organic and inorganic molecules
Organic – contains carbon
Inorganic – may not contain carbon but some do
Identify and describe the major functions of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in living things
Carbohydrates – Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen generally in a 2:1 ratio; source of energy for most of the tissues in the body
Lipids – Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio that exceeds 2:1; broken down to Fatty acids and cholesterol that are key components of the membranes that surround all cells
Proteins – Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; basic unit is an amino acid; responsible for doing most of the work that occurs in cells; needed to maintain cell structure and critical for the function and regulation of all of the body’s tissues
Nucleic acids – Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; main role is to store information that is used to make proteins; DNA stores genetic information; RNA converts the genetic information into proteins
List differences between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis – small molecules combine to form a large molecule with the release of water
Hydrolysis – large molecules are broken down into small molecules with the addition of water
Identify examples of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins
Carbohydrates - Sugars and starches
Monosaccharide – (monomer) C6 H12 O6 – one sugar unit; glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide – (dimer) C12 H22 O11 – two sugar unites; lactose (Milk), maltose (malt sugar), sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharide – (polymer) many sugar units; Cellulose, starch
Lipids - Cholesterol; Oils (liquid), fats (solid), waxes (solid)
Sterols – contain 4 rings of carbon and at least one OH group
Triglycerides – contains molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Saturated fatty acid – no double bonds between the carbon and hydrocarbon chain
Unsaturated fatty acid – contains a double bond between carbons and the hydrocarbon chain
Nucleic acids - Nucleotide – (monomer for nucleic acid) basic unit of a polynucleotide
Phosphate (PO3), 5 carbon sugar (ribose/deoxyribose), Nitrogenous base – Purine (Double ring; Adenine, guanine) and pyrimidine (single ring; thymine, cytosine)
Polynucleotide – (polymer) many nucleotides joined together Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Proteins - Amino acid (monopeptide)
Basic unit of a protein or polypeptide (many amino acids joined together)
All amino acids have a terminal hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, and an alpha carbon.
They differ from each other due to the R Group
Peptide bond – covalent bond formed between the carbon of a carboxyl group of one amino acid and the nitrogen of the amino group of another amino acid
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic – do not have a nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles (function unit of a cell)
Eukaryotic – have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Describe the subcellular structures found in cells and their function including but not limited to the following: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, centrioles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytoskeleton
Plasma or cell membrane – semipermeable membrane that forms the boundary of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum – (structure) network of tubules that run throughout the cell
(Function) – Rough ER contains ribosomes that are involved in protein synthesis, while the smooth ER does not. These proteins are released from cell. Smooth ER – no ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus – (Structure) consists of a minimum of 3 tubels – cis, medial, trans
(Function) – modify and sort proteins
Lysosome – (Structure) membrane enclosed sac with no internal organization
(Function) – contain hydrolytic enzymes that break or convert polymers into monomers
Ribosome – (Structure) made of 2 subunits (Large and small); each subunit is composed of proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
(Function) – Site of protein synthesis; these proteins stay in the cell
Peroxisomes – organelles that contain several types of enzymes that dispose of toxic substances
Vacuoles – (Structure) single membrane bound
(Function) – Store pigments, water, starch, fats, and oils
Nucleus – (Structure) double membrane called the Nuclear envelope surrounds the DNA
(Function) – controls the cells metabolism and reproduction
Centrioles – (Structure) 9:2 arrangements of microtubules
(Function) – separate double stranded chromosomes
Mitochondria – (Structure) made of a double membrane – outer is smooth, inner forms projections called cristae
(Function) – produce ATP during cellular respiration
Chloroplast – (Structure) made of a double membrane – stacks of thylakoid disks form granum and are situated on the inner membrane
(Function) – Photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton – intricate network of protein “tracks” and tubules
List 4 differences between plant and animal cells
Plant Cells – cell wall, one large vacuole, no centrioles, have chloroplast
Animal Cells – no cell wall, many small vacuoles, contain centrioles, no chloroplast
Compare and contrast passive and active transport mechanisms utilized by cells
Passive transport / facilitated transport / facilitated diffusion – use a carrier protein to move a small substance from a high concentration to a low concentration; energy is not required; carrier protein is required.
Active transport – movement of a small molecule from a low concentration to a high concentration; energy and carrier proteins are required
Explain the processes involved in cellular energy and metabolism
Cellular energy – Energy – the ability to do work
Potential energy – “stored energy”; energy available to do work
Kinetic energy – energy of motion
Metabolism – sum of all energy and chemical changes in a cell
Explain how energy transformations apply to living systems
The sun is the primary source of energy.
Plants convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis
Humans can acquire energy from the sun indirectly
Describe the major stages of photosynthesis
The light reactions and the dark reactions
Describe the major stages of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis – (breaking sugar) – six-carbon glucose molecule splits into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules
Krebs cycle – oxidize the pyruvate and release CO2
Electron transport chain – transfers electrons from NADPH to FADH2 through membrane proteins
List differences between the light independent and light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
Light dependent reactions – convert solar energy to chemical energy
Light independent reactions – the cell uses ATP, high energy electrons in NADPH, and CO2 to produce sugar molecules
Compare and contrast aerobic respiration and fermentation
Aerobic Cellular respiration – (“oxygen-using”) uses energy in glucose to produce ATP
Fermentation - an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available
Explain the connection between the products and reactants of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast; Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria
Photosynthesis produces food; Cellular respiration consumes it
Photosynthesis stores energy as glucose; Cellular respiration releases energy as glucose
Photosynthesis requires lights; Cellular respiration does not require light
Photosynthesis consumes H2O; Cellular respiration releases H2O
Photosynthesis consumes CO2; Cellular respiration releases CO2
Photosynthesis releases O2; Cellular respiration consumes O2
Explain the role enzymes play in cells
Organic molecules made of protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Catalyst – substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not changed permanently in the chemical reaction
Lowering the activation energy – energy required to disassemble the atoms in a molecule so they can recombine to form a new molecule
Highly specific – will only catalyze certain chemical reactions
Enzyme – substrate
Catalase – hydrogen peroxide
Amylase – starch
DNA Polymer – Nucleotide
