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Biology 106 > Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Define matter

A

anything that has mass and volume

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2
Q

What is the difference between mass and volume?

A

Mass – Quantity of material in an object

Volume – amount of space an object occupies

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3
Q

Describe the structure of an atom

A

protons and neutrons from the nucleus while electrons move rapidly about the nucleus in pathways called shells or energy levels.

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4
Q

List the 3 major characteristics of an atom

A

All Atoms have a nucleus
All Atoms have protons
Atoms are electrically neutral
Atoms are extremely small

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5
Q

How are atoms identified?

A

By their atomic number – how many protons in the nucleus

Atomic Mass – Protons + Neutrons

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6
Q

What is the relationship between an atom and an element?

A

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by ordinary chemical means

Elements are made up of Atoms.

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7
Q

What is the relationship between a compound and a molecule?

A

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically.

A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements.

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8
Q

Name the major regions of an atom

A

Nucleus – made up of protons and neutrons and the electron shells or energy levels

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9
Q

Name the major subatomic particles of an atom

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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10
Q

What is the difference between a proton and an electron?

A

Protons are positively charged subatomic particles (+) and are found in the nucleus

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles (-) that move rapidly around the nucleus in pathways called shells or energy levels.

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11
Q

How are protons and electrons similar?

A

The charge on the proton and electron are exactly the same size but opposite. Since opposite charges attract – protons and electrons attract each other.

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12
Q

What is a neutron?

A

Neutral (o) subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

How is the formula 2n2 used to elucidate atomic structure?

A

The formula is used to determine how many electrons are in each shell or energy level

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14
Q

State the rules for distributing electrons in an atom?

A

Electrons fill the inner shells with electrons before filling the outer shells; all shells must be filled before the next can be filled; max of 7 shells per atom; electrons fill each shell according to 2n2

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15
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the K, L, and M Shells of an atom?

A

K shell – 2n2 = 2(1)2 – 2x1 = 2
L shell – 2n2 = 2(2)2 – 2x4 = 8
M shell – 2n2 = 2(3)2 – 2x9=18

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16
Q

What is an energy level or shell?

A

The pathway of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom

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17
Q

Define isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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18
Q

What is the difference between protium, deuterium and tritium?

A

Protium – 1 proton; 1 electron
Deuterium – 1 proton; 1 neutron; 1 electron
Tritium – 1 proton; 2 neutrons; 1 electron

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19
Q

What is the difference between carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14?

A 
Carbon-12 = 6 protons; 6 neutrons; 6 electrons
Carbon-13 = 6 protons; 7 neutrons; 6 electrons
Carbon-14 = 6 protons; 8 neutrons; 6 electrons
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20
Q

Define ion

A

Atom that has gained or lost electrons causing a net positive or negative charge

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21
Q

What is the difference between cation and an anion?

A

Cation – net positively charged Atom (or molecule) formed by losing electrons

Anion – net negatively charged Atom (or molecule) formed by gaining electrons

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22
Q

What is a Periodic table?

A

Listing of all the elements (Atoms of the same kind)

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23
Q

List the chemical symbol for elements found in living things

A

Hydrogen (H) 1, Oxygen (O) 8, Nitrogen (N) 7, Carbon (C) 6, Fluorine (F) 9, Chlorine (Cl) 17, Sodium (Na) 11, Potassium (K) 19, Phosphorus (P) 15, Calcium (Ca) 20, Iron (Fe) 26

24
Q

Why do atoms combine?

A

Atoms combine to fill their outer shells or energy levels with electrons

25
Q

Why are some gases called noble or inert gases?

A

Because their outer shells are full with electrons; they do not need to combine to fill any missing electrons

26
Q

What is the difference between a nonpolar and polar covalent bond?

A

Polar – one nucleus has a much stronger pull on the shared electrons

Nonpolar – both atoms have equal pull on the shared electrons

27
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Two atoms share electrons

Double covalent bonds share 2 electrons

28
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

Attraction between a cation (+) and an anion (-)

29
Q

How are hydrogen bonds formed?

A

A partial negatively charged Atom attracts the positively charged Hydrogen from an adjacent molecule

30
Q

List 5 characteristics of water

A 
Chemical formula – H2O
Polar molecule
Universal solvent
Cohesive/Cohesion
Adhesive
31
Q

Describe a water molecule

A

Two hydrogen atoms combine with an oxygen atom – H2O

32
Q

Define dissociation

A

small amount of water molecule will dissociate (separate) into two ions – hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ion (-OH)

33
Q

What is the difference between a hydroxyl ion and a hydrogen ion?

A

Hydrogen ion (H+) has a positive charge and hydroxyl ion (-OH) a negative charge. Both contain Hydrogen but hydroxyl also contains oxygen

34
Q

How do you symbolize a hydrogen ion and a hydroxyl ion?

A

hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ion (-OH)

35
Q

What is the difference between an acid and a base?

A

Acid – chemical that adds H+ to a solution; hydrogen ion (H+) > hydroxyl ion (-OH)

Base – chemical that adds –OH to a solution; hydrogen ion (H+) < hydroxyl ion (-OH)

36
Q

Describe a neutral solution – a 7 on the pH scale

A

There are equal amounts hydrogen ion (H+) and hydroxyl ion (-OH)

37
Q

What is the relationship between the pH scale and the hydrogen ion concentration?

A

The pH scale represents how acidic or basic (Alkaline) a solution is; the higher the H+ the lower the pH

38
Q

List the parts of a chemical reaction

A

Reactant, yield, product

39
Q

What are the differences between a reactant and a product?

A

Reactant – starting materials; to the left of the yield or arrow

Product – results of the reaction; to the right of the yield or arrow

40
Q

What is the significance of the subscript and a coefficient in a molecular formula?

A

Coefficient – how many molecules

Subscript – how many atoms are in the molecule

41
Q

Describe a carbon atom

A

6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons

2 electrons occupy the K shell, 4 in the L shell; need 4 more to fill outer shell

Can form long chains and rings with itself

42
Q

What is the difference between dehydration and hydrolysis?

A

Dehydration synthesis – small molecules combine to form a large molecule with the release of water

Hydrolysis – large molecule are broken down into small molecules with the addition of water

43
Q

What is a monomer and a polymer?

A

Monimer – basic unit of macromolecules

Polymer – repetition of basic units to form a macromolecule

44
Q

What is the difference between an inorganic and organic compound?

A

Organic contains carbon

Inorganic may not contain carbon but some do

45
Q

List the elements in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

Carbohydrates – Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen generally in a 2:1 ratio

Lipids – Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio that exceeds 2:1

Proteins – Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

Nucleic acids – Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

46
Q

What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide?

A

Monosaccharide – (monimer) C6 H12 O6 – one sugar unit; glucose, fructose, galactose

Polysaccharide – (polymer) many sugar units; Cellulose, starch

47
Q

Define disaccharide

A

(dimer) C12 H22 O11 – two sugar units; lactose (Milk), maltose (malt suger), sucrose (table suger)

48
Q

List some examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

A

monosaccharides – glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides – lactose (Milk), maltose (malt suger), sucrose (table suger)

polysaccharides – Cellulose, Starch

49
Q

What is the difference between the formula of a lipid and the formula for a carbohydrate?

A

Carbohydrates – Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen generally in a 2:1 ratio

Lipids – Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio that exceeds 2:1

50
Q

How are carbohydrates denoted?

A

Denoted by the suffix “ose” = glucose, fructose, xylose

51
Q

List some examples of lipids

A

Oils (Liquid), Fat (Solid), Waxes (Solid), Sterols, triglycerides – contains molecule glycerol and 3 fatty acids

52
Q

What are the characteristics of lipids?

A

Insoluble in water

Greasy to the touch

53
Q

Describe an amino acid

A

(monopeptide) is the basic unit of protein or polypeptide (monimer). Difference between amino acids – different R Groups

54
Q

Describe the 4 levels of protein structure

A

Terminal hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, alpha carbon

55
Q

Define nucleotide

A

(monimer for nucleic acids) basic unit of a polynucleatide

56
Q

List 2 types of nucleic acids

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Biology 106 (7 decks)

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