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Biology 106 > Chapter 4 - The Energy of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Energy of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cell transport

A

movement of materials across cell membranes

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2
Q

List 2 differences between facilitated diffusion and active transport

A

Active transport moves small molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration; energy and carrier proteins are required

Facilitated diffusion moves small substances from a high concentration to a low concentration; energy is not required; carrier proteins are required.

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3
Q

How is active transport and facilitated diffusion similar?

A

Both active transport and facilitated diffusion move molecules and use carrier proteins to move the molecules

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4
Q

List the 3 types of passive transport

A

Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated transport of facilitated diffusion

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5
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration; Energy is not required

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6
Q

Define osmosis

A

Water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration; Energy is not required

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7
Q

What is the difference between a hypotonic solution and a hypertonic solution?

A

Hypotonic – low concentration; water enters the cell, cell may swell or burst

Hypertonic – high concentration; water leaves the cell, cell may shrink

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8
Q

Define isotonic

A

Isotonic – same concentration; cell retains its shape

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9
Q

What is the effect of a hypotonic solution on a cell?

A

Hypotonic – low concentration; water enters the cell, cell may swell or burst

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10
Q

What is the effect of a hypertonic solution on a cell?

A

Hypertonic – high concentration; water leaves the cell, cell may shrink

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11
Q

What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?

A

Exocytosis – vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane releasing their contents from the cell

Endocytosis – large molecules, cells, or cell fragments are brought into the cell in a vesicle

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12
Q

List some differences between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis – pseudopods (moving cytoplasmic extensions) surrounds large molecules, fragments of cells, or small cells, entrapping them in a vesicle in a cell

Pinocytosis – invagination of the plasma membrane entraps a large molecule in a vesicle

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13
Q

Define metabolism

A

Sum of all energy and chemical changes in a call

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14
Q

Define energy

A

The ability to do work

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15
Q

What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?

A

Potential – “stored energy”; energy available to do work

Kinetic – energy of motion

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16
Q

List the 5 types of energy

A

Light (radiant), heat (thermal), electricity, chemical, mechanical

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17
Q

Define calorie

A

a unit of heat

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18
Q

How are calories measured?

A

7.3 kcal over mole

the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram or I milliliter of water 1 degree Celsius

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19
Q

What is the relationship between a kilocalorie and a calorie?

A

A kilocalorie is 1000 calories

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20
Q

Define chemical change

A

atoms rearrange in a molecule to form a new molecule

21
Q

What are the two divisions of metabolism?

A

Catabolism and anabolism

22
Q

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism – degrade; decompose (break large molecules into small molecules)

Anabolism – compose; synthesize (combine small molecules together to form a large molecule

23
Q

Identify examples of catabolism and anabolism

A

Catabolism – AB yields A + B

Anabolism – A + B yields AB

24
Q

What are electron carriers?

A

Molecules that carry 2 electrons and either 1 or 2 hydrogen ions

25
Q

List the 3 types of electron carriers

A

Nicotinamide, adenine, dinucleotide
NAD – not carrying the 2 electrons or the single hydrogen ions
NADH – is carrying the 2 electrons and the single hydrogen ion

Nicotinamide, adenine, dinucleotide, Phosphide
NADP – not carrying the 2 electrons or the single hydrogen ions
NADPH – is carrying the 2 electrons and the single hydrogen ion

Flavin, adenine, dinucleotide
FAD – not carrying the 2 electrons or the 2 hydrogen ions
FADH2 – is carrying the 2 electrons and the 2 hydrogen ions

26
Q

What is the difference between the oxidized and reduced form of each electron carrier?

A

Oxidization – loss of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion.

Reduction – gain electrons

27
Q

List 2 differences between ADP and ATP

A

ATP is made up of Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates; has more energy

ADP is made up of Adenine, ribose, and 2 phosphates

28
Q

What is the chemical formula for ribose?

A

C5 H10 O5

29
Q

What are the differences between substrate level phosphorylation and chemiosmosis?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation – an intermediate called the substrate transfers the energy and its phosphate to ADP to form ATP

Chemiosmosis – electrons drive the movement of protons across ATP synthase in the membrane; the energy derived from the movement of the protons is enough to combine APD & the phosphate (PO3) to form ATP

30
Q

What is the function of ATP synthase?

A

An important enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule ATP

31
Q

What is an Enzyme?

A

speeds up chemical reactions

32
Q

List 4 characteristics of enzymes

A
  1. Organic molecules made of protein or ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  2. Catalyst – substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not changed permanently in the chemical reaction
  3. Lowering the activation energy – energy required to disassemble the atoms in a molecule so they can recombine to form a new molecule
  4. Highly specific – will only catalyze certain chemical reactions

Enzyme – substrate
Catalase – hydrogen peroxide
Amylase – starch
DNA Polymer – Nucleotide

33
Q

What is the relationship between the substrate and the active site of an enzyme?

A

The substrate bonds to the enzyme at the active site

34
Q

Define active site

A

place on the enzyme where the substrate bonds

35
Q

Define substrate

A

molecule acted upon by the enzyme

36
Q

What is the fate of E and S in the enzymatic equation, E + S -> ES -> E + P

A

E = enzyme goes in and comes out an enzyme

S = substrate goes in and becomes the product

37
Q

Identify the parts of an enzymatic reaction in a chemical reaction that involves an enzyme

A

Enzyme, substrate, enzyme substrate complex, and product

E + S -> ES -> E + P

38
Q

Define activation energy

A

energy required to disassemble the atoms in a molecule so they can recombine to form a new molecule

39
Q

How are enzymes denoted?

A

Most denoted by “ase”

40
Q

Explain why enzymes are characterized as highly specific

A

They will only catalyze certain chemical reactions

Enzyme – substrate
Catalase – hydrogen peroxide
Amylase – starch
DNA Polymer – Nucleotide

41
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

A series of frequencies of radiation; cosmic, gamma, x-rays, etc.

42
Q

Define photon

A

bundle of light energy

43
Q

What is the difference between the ground state and the excited state of an atom?

A

Ground state – electrons have less kinetic energy

Excited state – electrons have more kinetic energy

44
Q

Describe chlorophyll

A

green pigment found in algae, plants, blue green algae that absorb light during photosynthesis

45
Q

Magnesium Atom

A

12 protons; 12 neutrons; 12 electrons

46
Q

Describe the function of 4 membrane proteins?

A

Transport proteins – transport proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer create passageways through which ions, glucose, and other polar substances pass into or out of the cell

Enzymes – speeds up a chemical reaction but is not permanently changed in the chemical reaction

Recognition proteins – Carbohydrates attached to cell surface proteins serve as “name tags” that help the body recognize its own cells.

Adhesion proteins – These membrane proteins enable cells to stick to one another

Receptor proteins – bind to molecules outside the cell and trigger an internal response

47
Q

Lipid

A

contains carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio that exceeds 2:1

Fatty Acid - contains carboxyl group, methyl group, and hydrocarbon chain

Tryglyceride - glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

48
Q

Protein

A

molecule that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; basic unit is an amino acid

Amino acid - all have a terminal hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, and the alpha carbon. They differ from each other due to the R Group

Biology 106 (7 decks)

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