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Biology 106 > Unit Test 3 > Flashcards

Unit Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the elements found in nucleic acids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

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2
Q

List 2 types of nucleic acids

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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3
Q

Describe a nucleotide

A

Phosphate (PO3), 5 Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose, C5 H10 O4), a nitrogenous base

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4
Q

What is the difference between the chemical formula for deoxyribose and ribose?

A

Deoxyribose – C5 H10 O4

Ribose – C5 H10 O5

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5
Q

What is a nitrogenous base?

A

Ring shaped structure that contains nitrogen and carbon and forms part of a nucleotide

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6
Q

What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine?

A

Pyrimidine – Single ring

Purine – Double ring

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7
Q

List 3 pyrimidines and 2 purines

A

Pyrimidine – Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Purine – Adenine, Guanine

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8
Q

Why is DNA called a double helix?

A

It is made of two strands of nucleotides that coil about a common axis

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9
Q

Define antiparallelism

A

Two strands that run side by side but in a different direction

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10
Q

What is the difference between the sense and antisense strand of DNA?

A

Sense strand – 5 to 3

Antisense strand – 3 to 5

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11
Q

Identify the functional groups that are attached to the 1’, 3’, or 5’ position of the 5-carbon sugar of a nucleotide.

A

1 – Nitrogenous base
3 – Hydroxyl group
5 – Phosphate (PO3)

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12
Q

State the DNA Complementary Base Pairing Rule

A

Nucleotides that contain adenine form a double hydrogen bonds with nucleotides that contain thymine
Nucleotides that contain guanine form a triple hydrogen bonds with nucleotides that contain cytosine

A to T - double hydrogen bond
C to G - triple hydrogen bond

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13
Q

Which parts of the nucleotide form the chemical sides and steps of the DNA molecule?

A

The sides of the DNA molecule are composed of the phosphate and sugar of each nucleotide.
The steps are formed from complimentary nitrogenous bases and hydrogen bonds that join them.

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14
Q

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA contains a phosphate and 5 carbon sugar – deoxyribose (C5 H10 O4) with four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine
RNA contains a phosphate and 5 carbon sugar – ribose (C5 H10 O5) with four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

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15
Q

When does uracil replace thymine in nucleic acids?

A

Uracil replaces thymine during DNA transcription

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16
Q

List the 3 types of RNA molecules.

A

Messenger ribonucleic acid
Transfer ribonucleic acid
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid

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17
Q

What is the function of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?

A

mRNA – carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes
tRNA – carries a single amino acid
rRNA – along with protein forms the ribosome

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18
Q

What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?

A

Codon – a triple set of nucleotides on mRNA

Anticodon – a triple set of nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with the codon of mRNA

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19
Q

Define template

A

pattern of nucleotide strands

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20
Q

List 3 functions of DNA

A

Ensure the preservation of the species through DNA replication
Control metabolism and reproduction through protein synthesis

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21
Q

List the enzymes involved in DNA replication

A

DNA helicase

DNA polymerase

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22
Q

What is the difference between the function of Helicase and DNA Polymerase III?

A

DNA helicase – unwinds and separates the DNA molecule every 10 base pairs
DNA polymerase – adds new nucleotides to the exposed nucleotide on each template strand according to the DNA Base Pair Rule

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23
Q

List the steps in DNA Replication

A

DNA helicase – unwinds and separates the DNA molecule every 10 base pairs
DNA polymerase – adds new nucleotides to the exposed nucleotide on each template strand according to the DNA Base Pair Rule
The result is the DNA molecules, each containing one old strand and one new strand of nucleotides.

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24
Q

Explain what is meant by the Semi-Conservative Model of DNA Replication?

A

Semi-Conservative Model of DNA Replication produces two copies of DNA molecules each containing one old strand and one new strand of nucleotides.

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25
Q

Define protein synthesis

A

combination of amino acids in a particular order.

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26
Q

What is a gene?

A

Functional unit of DNA to form a protein

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27
Q

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

A

Transcription – DNA (nucleotide) to mRNA (nucleotide)

Translation - mRNA (nucleotide) to Protein (Amino Acid)

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28
Q

What is the difference between the function of RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase – adds new nucleotides to the exposed nucleotides on each template according to the DNA Base Pair Rule; makes DNA

RNA polymerase – adds new nucleotides to the exposed nucleotides on the 3 to 5 strands of DNA according to the modified DNA Base Pairing Rule; makes RNA

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29
Q

Describe the structure of a complete ribosome

A

Two subunits, large and small, with the E site, P site, and A site

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30
Q

What are the differences between tRNA and mRNA?

A

The tRNA carries a single amino acid

The mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes

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31
Q

List 3 characteristics of the Genetic code

A

Universal code – applies to all living things

Degenerative code – there are multiple codons for many of the amino acids

Types of Codons
Sense codons – code for an amino acids (61)
Nonsense codons – do not code for an amino acid (3)

32
Q

Explain why the genetic code is considered a degenerative and universal code

A

Universal code – applies to all living things

Degenerative code – there are multiple codons for many of the amino acids

33
Q

What is the difference between a nonsense and sense codon?

A

Sense codons – code for an amino acid (61)

Nonsense codons – do not code for an amino acid (3)

34
Q

List some examples of nonsense codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA – all stop codons

35
Q

What are some examples of the degenerative nature of the Genetic Code?

A

Degenerative code – there are multiple codons for many of the amino acids
Serine – UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC

36
Q

What is the difference between chromatin and a chromosome?

A

Chromosome – DNA Coiled

Chromatin – DNA Uncoiled

37
Q

Define chromatid

A

a single chromosome of a double chromosome

38
Q

Where is the centromere found?

A

Place where two chromatids attach

39
Q

What is the scientific name for people?

A

Homo sapiens

40
Q

What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell?

A

Haploid cell – a set of chromosomes (sperm or egg cell) – 23 chromosomes
Diploid cell – 2 sets of chromosomes (sematic or body cells) – 46 chromosomes

41
Q

List some examples of haploid cells in the human body

A

Sperm or egg cells

42
Q

List some examples of diploid cells in the human body.

A

Sematic or body cells

43
Q

What is the chromosome number for people?

A

46 chromosomes

44
Q

Define cell cycle

A

Interphase – Mitosis (division of the Nucleus) – Cytokinesis (division of Cytoplasm) - Interphase

45
Q

List the major phases of interphase

A

G1 – S – G2

G = Gap S = Synthesis

46
Q

What is the difference between G1 and G2 of interphase?

A

G1 – cell increases in size; intense metabolic activity

G2 – cell prepares for cell division (produce new organelles, etc.)

47
Q

What happens to the DNA of a cell during the S phase?

A

S = DNA Replicates

48
Q

What are the products of mitosis?

A

Two new cells each containing 46 chromosomes

49
Q

What is the difference between the events that happen during prophase of mitosis and those that happen during telophase of mitosis?

A

Prophase –
Chromosomes coil and become visible
Centrioles separate and move to opposite polls
Nuclear membrane disappears

Telophase –
Chromosomes uncoil and become invisible
Nuclear membrane reappears

50
Q

What is the difference between the events that happen during metaphase of mitosis and those that happen during anaphase of mitosis?

A

Metaphase – chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

Anaphase – Chromatids separate and move to opposite polls

51
Q

List the steps of mitosis in chronological order

A

Prophase – Metaphase – Anaphase - Telophase

52
Q

Define homologous chromosome

A

(pair) 23

Have the same number and types of genes coding for a trait

53
Q

Define crossing-over

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

54
Q

What is the difference between anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis?

A

Anaphase 1 – homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite polls

Anaphase 2 – Chromatids separate and move to opposite polls

55
Q

List some differences between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Mitosis – parent or mother cell forms two daughter cells each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent or mother cell

Meiosis – parent or mother cell forms 4 daughter cells each containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent or mother cell

56
Q

What is the difference between a somatic cell and a germ cell?

A

A germ cell is gamete or sex cell

Somatic cells are the other cells, like a body cell

57
Q

Define gametes

A

sex cells

58
Q

List two types of gametes

A

Sperm cell – motile

Egg cell – non-motile

59
Q

How are sperm and eggs similar?

A

They are both involved in reproduction

They both contain 23 chromosomes – one set from father and one from mother

60
Q

Define zygote

A

fertilized egg; develops into an offspring

61
Q

What is the difference between an autosome and a sex chromosome?

A

Autosome – nonsex chromosome

Sex chromosome – chromosome that carries genes that determine sex

62
Q

When does cytokinesis occur?

A

After Mitosis in the cell cycle

63
Q

When does interkinesis occur?

A

In Meiosis between telophase I and prophase II

64
Q

What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

A

Animal – the plasma membrane pinches inward to separate the cytoplasm of the two new cells

Plant – a cell plate forms in the middle of the cytoplasm to separate the two new cells

65
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms’ activities (energy transformation).

66
Q

Describe the electromagnetic spectrum

A

A series of frequencies of radiation; cosmic, gamma, x-rays, etc.

67
Q

What is a photon?

A

bundle of light energy

68
Q

Draw and label a magnesium atom

A

12 protons; 12 neutrons; 12 electrons

69
Q

What is the difference between the ground state and the excited state of an atom?

A

Ground state – electrons have less kinetic energy

Excited state – electrons have more kinetic energy

70
Q

Describe a chlorophyll molecule

A

Green pigment found in algae, plants, blue green algae that absorb light during photosynthesis

71
Q

List 3 accessory pigments

A

Carotenoids – absorb extra blue wavelengths.
Chlorophyll b, c and d
Lycopene

72
Q

Identify the origin and final destination of electrons in noncyclic photophosphorylation.

A

PS II/P680 gets electrons from Water

PS I/P700 gets electrons from PS II/P680

NADPH gets electrons from PS I/P700

PS - photosystem- cluster of chlorophyll

73
Q

What is the difference between the light dependent (light reactions) and the light independent (dark reactions) reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions – convert solar energy to chemical energy

Dark reactions – the cell uses ATP, high energy electrons in NADPH, and CO2 to produce sugar molecules

74
Q

List 4 differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast; cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
Photosynthesis produces food; Cellular respiration consumes it.
Photosynthesis stores energy as glucose; Cellular respiration releases energy as glucose.
Photosynthesis requires lights; Cellular respiration does not require light.
Photosynthesis consumes H2O; Cellular respiration releases H2O.
Photosynthesis consumes CO2; Cellular respiration releases CO2.
Photosynthesis releases O2; Cellular respiration consumes O2.

75
Q

Describe 8 features of the DNA molecule in the diagram below

A

There are 14 nucleotides shown in the diagram

Nucleotides are connected by hydrogen bonds

The purines are opposite of pyrimidines

Adenine is paired with thymine by two hydrogen bonds

Guanine is paired with cytosine by three hydrogen bonds

Anti-parallel orientation of the two chains
5’ to 3’
3’ to 5’
The sides of the DNA molecule are made up of the Phosphate and 5 carbon sugar

The steps of the DNA molecule are made up of the nitrogenous base and hydrogen bonds

76
Q

Describe how the tRNA molecule changes as it moves from the A, P, and E sites

A

The anti-codon of the tRNA forms a complex with the codone of the mRNA initially on the P site.

The tRNA molecules with an Amino Acid enters on the A site.

The amino acid of the tRNA molecules on the A and P site combine and move to the P site

The tRNA without an amino acid leaves on the E site.

Each tRNA molecules advances on codone until a “stop” codon is read and a protein or polypeptide is formed.

77
Q

Mutation Problem: Classify whether the mutation is silent, missense, or nonsense.

A

Silent – an exchange in a single pair of nucleotides results in the insertion of the same amino acid in the protein.

Missense – an exchange in a single pair of nucleotides results in the insertion of a different amino acid in the protein.

Nonsense – an exchange in a single pair of nucleotides results in the insertion of a termination sequence (“stop”) in the DNA code. Always lethal.

Biology 106 (7 decks)

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