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Embryology > Unit III: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit III: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ mesoderm will form the cartilages and smooth muscle of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

A

Splanchnic

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2
Q

Divisions of the laryngotracheal diverticulum

A
  1. ventral part

2. dorsal part

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3
Q

What makes up the ventral part of the laryngotracheal diverticulum?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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4
Q

What makes up the dorsal part of the laryngotracheal diverticulum?

A

Esophagus

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5
Q

All laryngeal cartilages except for the ___ develops from the 4th-6th pharyngeal arches

A

Epiglottic cartilage

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6
Q

The cricothyroid muscle develops from the ___ pharyngeal arch

A

Fourth

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7
Q

All muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid are supplied by the ___

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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8
Q

The cricothyroid muscle is supplied by the ___

A

Vagus nerve

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9
Q

At what ages in a human is the larynx in a high position?

A

0-1

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10
Q

___ mesoderm forms the C-rings and the smooth muscle of the trachea

A

Splanchnic

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11
Q

What is splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Visceral-> relating to internal organs

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12
Q

What is somatic mesoderm?

A

Related to the body wall

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13
Q

What is tracheoesophageal fistula?

A
  1. abnormal opening between the trachea and the esophagus
  2. from incomplete fusion of the tracheoesophageal folds
  3. esophageal atresia
  4. upper esophagus is a blind pouch
  5. infants cannot swallow
  6. requires surgery
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14
Q

The upper division of the bronchus becomes the ___

A

Superior lobar bronchus

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15
Q

The lower division of the bronchus becomes the ___

A

Middle and inferior lobar bronchi

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16
Q

How many segmental bronchi are in each lung?

A

10

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17
Q

As the lung develops, the splanchnic mesoderm on its ___ surface forms the visceral pleura

A

Outer

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18
Q

The somatic mesoderm covering the inside of the ___ forms the parietal pleura

A

Thoracic wall

19
Q

What is the space called between the parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Pleural cavity

20
Q

4 stages of lung development

A
  1. pseudo glandular
  2. cancalicular
  3. terminal sac
  4. alveolar
21
Q

When is the pseudoglandular stage?

A

6-16 weeks

22
Q

When is the canalicular stage?

A

16-26 weeks

23
Q

When is the terminal sac stage?

A

26 weeks-birth

24
Q

When is the alveolar stage?

A

32 weeks-8 years

25
Q

Can a premature infant survive at the pseudoglandular stage?

A

No

26
Q

Can a premature infant survive at the canalicular stage?

A

Possibly- some gas exchange can occur, but the infant requires intensive care and mortality rate is high

27
Q

Can a premature infant survive at the terminal sac stage?

A

Possibly- intensive care is needed due to insufficient lung surfactant

28
Q

What are type 1 pneumocytes?

A

Squamous epithelial cells in the walls of the terminal sacs

29
Q

What is the function of type 2 pneumocytes?

A

Secretes surfactant

30
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant?

A

Reduces tension between the air and alveolar surfaces-> allows expansion during expiration

31
Q

When does adequate levels of surfactant reach?

A

26-28 weeks

32
Q

What is the pseudoglandular stage characterized by?

A

Branching of bronchioles and formation of bronchopulmonary segments

33
Q

What is the canalicular stage characterized by?

A
  1. expansion in diameter of bronchi
  2. vascularization of the lung
  3. formation of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
34
Q

What is the terminal sac stage characterized by?

A

Formation of numerous terminal sacs-> primordial of the alveoli

35
Q

What is the alveolar stage characterized by?

A

Development of mature alveoli

36
Q

What 3 factors determine if a premature infant will be able to exchange gases successfully?

A
  1. adequate surfactant
  2. formation of functional alveoli
  3. establishment of pulmonary/systemic circulation
37
Q

Fetal breathing movements function to:

A
  1. exercises the muscles of respiration

2. stimulate lung development

38
Q

T/F: the lungs are completely filled with amniotic fluid at birth

A

False- half filled-> must be removed to allow inflation of the lungs

39
Q

How do you clear the amniotic fluid from the lungs?

A
  1. expulsion through the mouth and nose during birth
  2. via pulmonary blood vessels
  3. via pulmonary lymphatics
40
Q

T/F: pulmonary lymphatic vessels are larger and more numerous in the fetus than in the adult

A

True

41
Q

3 factors that are essential for normal lung development

A
  1. adequate thoracic volume
  2. adequate amniotic fluid
  3. fetal breathing movements
42
Q

What is oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia?

A
  1. insufficient amniotic fluid is present
  2. restricts lung expansion
  3. underdevelopment of the lungs
43
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  1. rapid, labored breathing after birth
  2. affects 2% of neonates
  3. caused from surfactant deficiency

Embryology (11 decks)

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