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Embryology > Unit II: Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit II: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

CNs, spinal nerves, ganglia, plexuses, peripheral branches

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3
Q

What is the ANS?

A

Supplies blood vessels, smooth muscle, and glands-> CNS and PNS

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4
Q

The CNS develops from the ___

A

Neural tube

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5
Q

The PNS and ANS develops from the ___

A

Neural crest cells

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6
Q

Openings in the neural tube are the:

A
  1. rostral neuropore

2. caudal neuropore

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7
Q

When does the rostral neuropore close?

A

Day 25

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8
Q

When does the caudal neuropore close?

A

Day 27

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9
Q

What is the ventricular zone?

A

Inner zone- contains neuroepithelial cells

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10
Q

What is the intermediate zone?

A

Middle zone- contains neurons

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11
Q

What is the marginal zone?

A

Outermost zone- becomes the white matter of the spinal cord

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12
Q

What do glioblasts differentiate into?

A
  1. astroblasts-> astrocytes

2. oligodendroblasts-> oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are grouped together as ___

A

Macroglia

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14
Q

Macroglia are derived from ___ and originate from ___

A

Mesenchyme, bone marrow

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15
Q

Microglia are involved with ___

A

Immune defense

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16
Q

T/F: people with allergies are at a higher risk for brain tumors due to their immune systems

A

False- they’re at a lower risk because they have hyperactive immune systems

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17
Q

2 divisions of the spinal cord

A
  1. basal plate-ventral

2. alar plate-dorsal

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18
Q

Dura mater is derived from ___

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

Pia arachnoid mater is derived from ___

A

Neural crest cells

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20
Q

The vertebral column and dura mater grow ___ than the spinal cord

A

Faster

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21
Q

Where does the spinal cord lay at 8 weeks?

A

Coccyx

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22
Q

What age does the spinal cord lay at the 1st sacral vertebra?

A

24 weeks

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23
Q

Where does the spinal cord lay at birth?

A

2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebra

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24
Q

At what age does the spinal cord lay at the L1/L2 intervertebral disc?

A

Adult

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25
The lumbar and sacral nerve roots become increasingly angled ___
Downward
26
What is spina bifida occulta?
1. failure of 2 halves of the neural arch to unite | 2. dimple with a hair on it
27
What is spina bifida cystica?
1. severe form | 2. protrusion of the meninges in a sac-like cyst
28
What is spina bifida with meningocele?
1. cyst contains meninges and CSF | 2. SC and nerves are normal
29
What is spina bifida with meningomyelocele?
Cyst contains SC and spinal nerve roots
30
What is spina bifida with myeloschisis?
1. SC is open 2. exposed externally 3. permanent paralysis of lower extremities
31
What are some causes of neural tube defects?
1. folic acid deficieny | 2. low maternal B12 levels
32
Divisions of the forebrain
1. telencephalon | 2. diencephalon
33
What makes up the telencephalon?
Cerebral hemispheres
34
What makes up the diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
35
Divisions of the hindbrain
1. metencephalon | 2. myelencephalon
36
What makes up the metencephalon?
Pons and cerebellum
37
What makes up the myelencephalon?
MO
38
The mesencephalon, mesencephalon and telencephalon develop from the alar and basal plates, separated by a ___
Sulcus limitans
39
The basal plate contains ___
Neuroblasts
40
General somatic efferent-> motor
Hypoglossal nerve
41
Special visceral efferent-> motor
Muscles from the pharyngeal arches
42
General visceral efferent-> motor
Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves
43
General visceral afferent-> sensory
Viscera
44
Special visceral afferent-> sensory
Taste buds
45
General somatic afferent-> sensory
Surface of the head
46
Special somatic afferent-> sensory
Ear
47
As the rostral neuropore closes, 2 optic vesicles grow ___ on either side. They form the ___
Outward, retina and optic nerve
48
2 telencephalic vesicles appear ___ and ___ to the optic vesicles
Dorsal, caudal- cerebral hemispheres-> lateral ventricles
49
Alar is ___
Sensory
50
Basal is ___
Motor
51
The rostral part of the forebrain forms the ___
Telencephalon
52
The caudal part of the forebrain forms the ___
Diencephalon
53
The epithalamus develops from the ___ of the diencephalon
Dorsal roof
54
The pineal gland arises ___ to the epithalamus
Dorsally
55
2 parts of the pituitary gland
1. neurohypophysis | 2. adenohypophysis
56
What is the neurohypophysis?
Downgrowth of neuroectoderm from the diencephalon
57
What is the adenohypophysis?
Upgrowth of oral ectoderm from the roof of the stomodeum
58
What is hydrocephalus?
1. abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricles | 2. enlargement of the head
59
What is microcephaly?
1. small brain and neurocranium | 2. gross mental deficiency
60
What is chiari malformation?
1. cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum | 2. posterior cranium fossa is abnormally small
61
What is encephalocele?
Herniation of meninges through the skull
62
What is meningocele?
Herniation of the meninges only
63
What is meningioencephalocele?
Herniation of the meninges and part of the brain
64
What is meroencephaly?
1. failure of rostral neuropore to close 2. parts of brain are absent 3. acrania
65
Most structures the PNS develop from neural crest cells, including:
1. all somatic and visceral sensory neurons of the PNS 2. all sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves 3. all autonomic ganglia and postganglionc neurons within the PNS
66
Somatic motor neurons and preganglionic autonomic neurons develop in the ___. Their axons grow ___ and become part of the ___
CNS, outward, PNS
67
Dorsal primary rami supply:
Dorsal back muscles, vertebrae, overlying skin
68
Ventral primary rami supply:
Ventrolateral trunk, limbs, form major plexuses
69
CNs of the ventral nerve roots
III, IV, VI, XII
70
CNs that have a sensory/motor mix
V, VII, IX, X, XI
71
CNs which supply special sensory organs
I, II, VIII
72
What is congenital megacolon (Hirschprung's Disease)?
1. absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the lower colon and rectum 2. colon becomes enlarged and accumulates feces

Embryology (11 decks)

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