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Embryology > Unit II: Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit II: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

CNs, spinal nerves, ganglia, plexuses, peripheral branches

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3
Q

What is the ANS?

A

Supplies blood vessels, smooth muscle, and glands-> CNS and PNS

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4
Q

The CNS develops from the ___

A

Neural tube

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5
Q

The PNS and ANS develops from the ___

A

Neural crest cells

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6
Q

Openings in the neural tube are the:

A
  1. rostral neuropore

2. caudal neuropore

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7
Q

When does the rostral neuropore close?

A

Day 25

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8
Q

When does the caudal neuropore close?

A

Day 27

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9
Q

What is the ventricular zone?

A

Inner zone- contains neuroepithelial cells

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10
Q

What is the intermediate zone?

A

Middle zone- contains neurons

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11
Q

What is the marginal zone?

A

Outermost zone- becomes the white matter of the spinal cord

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12
Q

What do glioblasts differentiate into?

A
  1. astroblasts-> astrocytes

2. oligodendroblasts-> oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are grouped together as ___

A

Macroglia

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14
Q

Macroglia are derived from ___ and originate from ___

A

Mesenchyme, bone marrow

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15
Q

Microglia are involved with ___

A

Immune defense

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16
Q

T/F: people with allergies are at a higher risk for brain tumors due to their immune systems

A

False- they’re at a lower risk because they have hyperactive immune systems

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17
Q

2 divisions of the spinal cord

A
  1. basal plate-ventral

2. alar plate-dorsal

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18
Q

Dura mater is derived from ___

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

Pia arachnoid mater is derived from ___

A

Neural crest cells

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20
Q

The vertebral column and dura mater grow ___ than the spinal cord

A

Faster

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21
Q

Where does the spinal cord lay at 8 weeks?

A

Coccyx

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22
Q

What age does the spinal cord lay at the 1st sacral vertebra?

A

24 weeks

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23
Q

Where does the spinal cord lay at birth?

A

2nd or 3rd lumbar vertebra

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24
Q

At what age does the spinal cord lay at the L1/L2 intervertebral disc?

A

Adult

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25
Q

The lumbar and sacral nerve roots become increasingly angled ___

A

Downward

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26
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A
  1. failure of 2 halves of the neural arch to unite

2. dimple with a hair on it

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27
Q

What is spina bifida cystica?

A
  1. severe form

2. protrusion of the meninges in a sac-like cyst

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28
Q

What is spina bifida with meningocele?

A
  1. cyst contains meninges and CSF

2. SC and nerves are normal

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29
Q

What is spina bifida with meningomyelocele?

A

Cyst contains SC and spinal nerve roots

30
Q

What is spina bifida with myeloschisis?

A
  1. SC is open
  2. exposed externally
  3. permanent paralysis of lower extremities
31
Q

What are some causes of neural tube defects?

A
  1. folic acid deficieny

2. low maternal B12 levels

32
Q

Divisions of the forebrain

A
  1. telencephalon

2. diencephalon

33
Q

What makes up the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

35
Q

Divisions of the hindbrain

A
  1. metencephalon

2. myelencephalon

36
Q

What makes up the metencephalon?

A

Pons and cerebellum

37
Q

What makes up the myelencephalon?

38
Q

The mesencephalon, mesencephalon and telencephalon develop from the alar and basal plates, separated by a ___

A

Sulcus limitans

39
Q

The basal plate contains ___

A

Neuroblasts

40
Q

General somatic efferent-> motor

A

Hypoglossal nerve

41
Q

Special visceral efferent-> motor

A

Muscles from the pharyngeal arches

42
Q

General visceral efferent-> motor

A

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves

43
Q

General visceral afferent-> sensory

44
Q

Special visceral afferent-> sensory

A

Taste buds

45
Q

General somatic afferent-> sensory

A

Surface of the head

46
Q

Special somatic afferent-> sensory

47
Q

As the rostral neuropore closes, 2 optic vesicles grow ___ on either side. They form the ___

A

Outward, retina and optic nerve

48
Q

2 telencephalic vesicles appear ___ and ___ to the optic vesicles

A

Dorsal, caudal- cerebral hemispheres-> lateral ventricles

49
Q

Alar is ___

50
Q

Basal is ___

51
Q

The rostral part of the forebrain forms the ___

A

Telencephalon

52
Q

The caudal part of the forebrain forms the ___

A

Diencephalon

53
Q

The epithalamus develops from the ___ of the diencephalon

A

Dorsal roof

54
Q

The pineal gland arises ___ to the epithalamus

55
Q

2 parts of the pituitary gland

A
  1. neurohypophysis

2. adenohypophysis

56
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Downgrowth of neuroectoderm from the diencephalon

57
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Upgrowth of oral ectoderm from the roof of the stomodeum

58
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A
  1. abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricles

2. enlargement of the head

59
Q

What is microcephaly?

A
  1. small brain and neurocranium

2. gross mental deficiency

60
Q

What is chiari malformation?

A
  1. cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum

2. posterior cranium fossa is abnormally small

61
Q

What is encephalocele?

A

Herniation of meninges through the skull

62
Q

What is meningocele?

A

Herniation of the meninges only

63
Q

What is meningioencephalocele?

A

Herniation of the meninges and part of the brain

64
Q

What is meroencephaly?

A
  1. failure of rostral neuropore to close
  2. parts of brain are absent
  3. acrania
65
Q

Most structures the PNS develop from neural crest cells, including:

A
  1. all somatic and visceral sensory neurons of the PNS
  2. all sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves
  3. all autonomic ganglia and postganglionc neurons within the PNS
66
Q

Somatic motor neurons and preganglionic autonomic neurons develop in the ___. Their axons grow ___ and become part of the ___

A

CNS, outward, PNS

67
Q

Dorsal primary rami supply:

A

Dorsal back muscles, vertebrae, overlying skin

68
Q

Ventral primary rami supply:

A

Ventrolateral trunk, limbs, form major plexuses

69
Q

CNs of the ventral nerve roots

A

III, IV, VI, XII

70
Q

CNs that have a sensory/motor mix

A

V, VII, IX, X, XI

71
Q

CNs which supply special sensory organs

A

I, II, VIII

72
Q

What is congenital megacolon (Hirschprung’s Disease)?

A
  1. absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the lower colon and rectum
  2. colon becomes enlarged and accumulates feces

Embryology (11 decks)

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