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Pathophysiology > Unit I - Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Unit I - Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

s/s of infectious disease

A 
fever
chills
malaise
enlarged lymph nodes
arthralgia, myalgia
headaches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
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2
Q

cause of infectious diseases - pathogens

A

bacteria
viruses
parasites
fungi

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3
Q

normal body temperature

A

98.6 deg F (oral)
37 deg C
*add 1 degree for axillary measurement
*subtract 1 degree for rectal measurement

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4
Q

fever

A

fever <102 benign; >102 is emergency

fever of unknown origin (FUO)

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5
Q

before an infection can occur, there must be a

A

reservoir (other person, food, water, soil, animal, insects)

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6
Q

portal of exit from the reservoir

A

routes:

  • genitourinary
  • GI route
  • respiratory
  • open wound: skin
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7
Q

vector: mode of transmission for exit into the recipient

A
  • contact (skin to skin, mucous membrane)
  • airborne (droplets or particles)
  • oropharyngeal (contaminated food/water)
  • moving vector (insects, animals)
  • sexual contact
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8
Q

portal of entry

A

mouth, nose, skin

reservoir: infection lives in the recipient

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9
Q

pathogens

A

organisms that cause infectious diseases

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10
Q

bacteria

A

microscopic and 1 cell

reproduce at a rapid rate

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11
Q

virus

A

ultramicroscopic infectious agent

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12
Q

parasite

A

organism that lives in someone and takes its nourishment from them; cannot live independently

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13
Q

bacterial infections - gram stain

A

positive stains purple

negative stains pink

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14
Q

Staphylococcal infections (Gram +)

A

Pathogen residing in the skin, spread by direct contact
Penetration into deep layers of skin via har follicle can cause abscess and suppurative drainage
Folliculitis—infection of hair follicle
Septic arthritis—joint infection
Infective endocarditis—heart valve infection
Osteomyelitis—bone marrow infection

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15
Q

MRSA: Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus Aureus

A

Powerful staph infection that is resistant to many antibiotic medications
Colonization—bacteria living on skin or in nose
Healthy person can carry Staph bacteria and infect others

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16
Q

MRSA at risk and symptoms

A

At risk populations:
Post-op, Diabetics, HIV, Kidney failure, lung infection, burns, IV drug users

Symptoms:
Sepsis, palpitations, dysrhythmias
Sepsis with shock
Organ failure 
Can cause necrotizing fasciitis
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17
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes (group A)

A
  • Present in nasal cavity and pharynx
  • Overgrowth and aggregation—causes problem
  • Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat): Red or white tonsils; White because WBC come in to fight it off and are killed off in large numbers
  • Impetigo
  • Causes lesion on the face—superficial so generally heals up with little scarring
  • Transmission can be airborne or by direct contact
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18
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes Rheumatic Fever with Febrile Illness (CANCER)

A 
C: Carditis (infective endocarditis)
A: Arthritis
N: Nodules (subcutaneous lymph nodes) 
C: Chorea—Choreiform Movements 
Generally not permanent 
Continuous movement all over body 
ER: Erythema Marginatum 
Pink raised non-itchy rash
Affects extensor surfaces (back of forearms, arms, trunk)
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19
Q

S. Pneumoniae (pneumococcus)—Group A

A

Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia and bacterial meningitis in children and adults

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20
Q

other bacterial infections s. pyogenes

A

Streptococcal Gangrene

Streptococcal Necrotizing Fasciitis/Myositis (“flesh-eating”)

21
Q

Choreiform movements

A

ceaseless occurrence of rapid, highly complex jerky movements that appear to be well coordinated but are performed involuntarily.

Sydenham’s Chorea

22
Q

S. Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)-

A

Bacterial Pneumonia
Bacterial Meningitis

compresses brain causing brain damage
Common in teenagers

23
Q

S. Agalactiae (Group B strep)-Baby strep

A

Found in Vaginal Secretions and GI Tract
Neonatal Pneumonia
Neonatal Meningitis
Neonatal Sepsis with Neonatal Toxic Shock Syndrome

24
Q

gangrene (gram +)

A

dead tissue because of ISCHEMIA

results in sepsis if goes on for long enough (septicemia)
infection becomes blood born with inflammation, hypotension, bleeding, hypothermia, organ failure, death

25
Q

most common forms of gangrene!!

A

C. perfingens, C. fusiformis, C. putrificans

26
Q

dry gangrene

A

ischemia with a line of demarcation

  • not getting circulation there
  • darkened tissue
27
Q

wet gangrene

A

moist, progressive

28
Q

gas gangrene

A

edema, gas pockets, foul odor

infected with clostridium

29
Q

necrotizing fascitis

A

can cause gangrene

- staph, strep

30
Q

cellulitis

A

diffuse broad area of inflammation of dermis/epidermis

- will mark with a sharpie to see progress

31
Q

outcomes of gangrene

A 
• Healing –Hyperbaric O2				 • Penicillin and clindamycin
• Amputation
• General sepsis
	-Febrile (high body temperature)
    -Hypotension with organ failure
32
Q

bacterial - Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Gram -

A

Opportunistic, common nosocomial (hospitals) disease:

  • Skin/wound infections
  • UTIs
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Pneumonia
  • If disseminated, cause Sepsis
33
Q

example of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

A

Ecthyma gangrenosum—red halo around skin breakdown

grows in
Whirlpool tanks, Respiratory equipment, Liquid soap dispensers
Releases strong, necrotizing enzymes
**Responsible for green-pigmented discharge in suppurative infections
Sites of infection
CNS, skin, bones and joints

another example: Osteomyelitis-Infection in the 4th Metatarsal Head

34
Q

Identify and discuss the most common viral infection

A 
Rhinovirus
Hepatitis 
Herpes viruses (8)
Influenza virus
Mononucleosis
Cytomegalovirus
Respiratory syncytial virus
HIV
35
Q

rhinovirus

A

most common virus in humans (99 strains), and a causative agent of upper respiratory infections (i.e. a cold).

Primary portal of entry for rhinoviruses is the upper respiratory tract.
Virus binds to respiratory epithelial cells.
Infected cells release distress signals in the form of pro-inflammatory cytokines-activate inflammatory response

36
Q

herpes simplex-1

A
  • transmitted by direct contact
  • oral herpes (cold sores)
  • infection is lifelong
  • complications: encephalitis, meningitis, retinitis
37
Q

herpes simplex-2

A

STD

  • genital herpes transmitted by direct sexual contact
  • infection is lifelong, not self limiting
  • complications: encephalitis, meningitis, retinitis
38
Q

Varicella (herpes) Zoster Virus

A
  • causes varicella (chicken pox)
  • respiratory droplets, diet contact with varicella blisters
  • 10 day incubation period
  • 1-2 weeks self limited course
  • causes shingles
39
Q

post-herpetic neuralgia

A
  • affects 10-20% of patients that have had shingles
40
Q

herpes virus 4

A
  • epstein barr virus
  • 4-6 week incubation period
  • Self-limiting course 4-8 weeks
  • Mode of transmission through saliva
  • s/s: febrile and extreme fatigue, spleen and liver enlargement, pharyngitis
41
Q

epstein barr - maculopapillary rash and diagnosis

A

Macules are flat, discolored spots
Papules are small, raised bumps

Dx: monospot test

42
Q

herpes - human cytomegalovirus

A

Direct contact with:
Blood, Saliva, Tears, Breast milk, STD

~80% are infected
Virus is dormant in healthy people
Cytomegalic inclusion body disease (CIBD)
Usually asymptomatic

problematic: pregnancy

43
Q

congenital viral infections - TORCH

A 
T=Toxoplasmosis
O=Other (HIV)
R=Rubella
C=Cytomegalovirus
H=Herpes Simplex II
44
Q

HHV-6 and HHV-7

A 
Both are Common Infections
Both Cause Roseola
Transmission:
 Respiratory droplets
 Saliva
Fever (3-5 days)
Rash (Several days)
45
Q

HHV-8

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma-AIDS

  • cutaneous lesions, brown spot of neck or face
  • metastatic quality cancer
46
Q

respiratory viruses - seasonal influenza virus (details of strains)

A
  • 3 strains (A, B, C)
    All 3 strains affect humans (B and C only in humans)
    Some A strains may infect across species
    All 3 strains are very contagious & cause flu epidemics

Transmission: Direct contact and/or Airborne route (Respiratory Droplets)

47
Q

influenza virus complications

A
  • viral pneumonia

- sinusitis and maxillary sinus infection

48
Q

para-influenza virus

A

respiratory syncytial virus

  • direct contact or respiratory droplets
  • mostly children
  • may cause bronchiolitis

Pathophysiology (27 decks)

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