Unit 4 - Endocrine Diseases pt 2 Flashcards
in dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, steroid hormones are either:
under secreted: adrenocortical hypo secretion disorder
over secreted: adrenocortical hyper secretion disorder
adrenal cortex and medulla secrete
Adrenal cortex - secretes steroid hormones
Adrenal medulla - Secretes Catecholamines
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Catecholamine Over-secretion
Pheochromocytoma
Elevated Resting Heart Rate (Tachycardia)
Elevated Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Hyperglycemia (Glycogenolysis)
adrenal cortex secretes hormones called __, which are synthesized by ___
steroids
synthesized from cholesterol nucleus
Steroids Produced/Secreted by the Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex Hormones (Estrogen and Androgen derivatives)
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
Regulation is via Renin (From JG cells in Kidney)
Mineralocorticoid effect
Physiologic Effect-Sodium/Water Retention (Reabsorption) and Secretion of Potassium/Hydrogen-excreted in the urine
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol
- Regulation is via ACTH (From anterior pituitary gland)
- Raises Blood Glucose (from protein catabolism)
- Negative Nitrogen Balance-Protein depletion
- Mobilizes/Redistributes Fat
- Suppresses the Immune System
- Used in treating inflammatory conditions
Sex Hormones
Estrogens: Feminizing Effect
Androgens: Masculinizing Effect
hypersecretion disorder: hyperaldosteronism (primary and secondary)
Primary - Conn’s syndrome (Adrenal Hyperplasia)
Secondary - Renal disease
Retention of Sodium and Water (reabsorption)
Edema and Elevated Blood Pressure
effects of hyper secretion of aldosterone
Hypernatremia-blood sodium levels are too high
Hypokalemia-blood potassium levels are too low
Metabolic alkalosis-blood hydrogen levels are too low
electrolyte imbalance
Cushing’s Syndrome
Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids
Primary-Cortisol secreting tumor
Secondary-Exogenous gluco- corticoids
buffalo hump
fat pads, moon face, red cheeks, large abdomen, bruising, poor muscle and wound healing
Adrenogenital syndrome
hyper secretion
Anabolic effect from performance enhancing drugs
Primary-Androgen secreting tumor
Secondary-Exogenous
Anabolic Steroids-Effects
increase in muscle mass Infertility and sexual dysfunction Liver damage Acne/Baldness Left ventricular Dilated Hypertrophy in women: baldness and facial hair growth
Adrenocortical Hyposecretion Disorders
Under-secretion of steroid hormones in adrenal cortex
Hypoaldosteronism
Primary - Addison’s disease
Autoimmune disease Adrenal tuberculosis (Miliary)
effects of addisons disease
Sodium loss, hypovolemic shock. Hyponatremia-hypotension. Hyperkalemia Metabolic acidosis Hypermelaninosis-elevated ACTH with Vitiligo (blotchy skin discoloration)
pituitary disorders involve
growth hormone
Acromegaly
- Oversecretion of GH (STH)
- GH secreting tumor- anterior pituitary
- Occurs after the epiphyseal plates have
closed
features of someone with acromegaly
prominence of the supraorbital
ridges and coarsening of facial features.
enlarged hands
enlarged tongue
Gigantism
Increased GH occurs before closure of the epiphyseal plates thus causing increase height and size.
T3 & T4 controls ___
Controls the rate of metabolic processes in the body
Influences physical/cognitive development
over or under secretion of T3 and T4
Thyroxine (T4)/Triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis and secretion
Regulated by TSH-from the Anterior portion of the pituitary gland
Physiologic effects of T4/T3
inc Metabolic rate
inc Cardiac excitability (resting tachycardia)
inc Blood pressure
inc GI motility, Diarrhea
Weight loss
Hyperactive DTR’sGrave’s disease
Hyperthyroidism-increased T4/T3
Autoimmune
Increased Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Resting Tachycardia Increased GI Motility, Diarrhea Increased DTR Reaction Time Weight Loss Fine Tremor Exophthalmos Hair Loss (Alopecia) Heat Intolerance
Exophthalmos
very large bulging eyes
Myxedema
Hypothyroidism-Decreased T4/T3
Decreased BMR Resting Bradycardia, decreased myocardial excitability Low blood pressure Slow DTR reaction time Reduced GI motility, Constipation Weight gain
Myxedematous face
Facial “puffiness”
large colloid goiter
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Autoimmune Thyroiditis
Common Cause of Hypothyroidism
very enlarged thyroid glands on front of neck - goiter
Cretinism
hypothyroidism
Congenital Deficiency of thyroid hormones
Stunted growth
Mental handicap
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Regulates Calcium in the Blood
Increased PTH-Blood Ca++ rises
Decreased PTH-Blood Ca++ falls*
PTH Undersecretion
Blood calcium decreases
Tetany with carpal spasm
Risorial Grin
Respiratory arrest
PTH Oversecretion
Blood calcium increases
Osteoporosis develops
Females-GU Dysfunction
Endometriosis Uterine fibroid tumors Uterine, ovarian, and breast cancer Ectopic pregnancy Ovarian cystic disease Pelvic floor dysfunction Uterine prolapse and fibrocystic disease
Male GU Dysfunction
Prostatitis Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Prostate and testicular cancer Impotence Epididymitis Orchitis (testicular inflammation)
