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Pathophysiology > Unit 2 - Hematology Part I > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Hematology Part I Flashcards

1
Q

blood pressure

A

change in pressure = P1-P2

change in P = flow (Q) x vessel resistance (R)

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2
Q

circulatory shock (5 types)

A
  • septic
  • neurogenic
  • obstructive
  • cardiogenic
  • hypovolemic
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3
Q

edema

A

accumulation of excessive fluid with the interstitial tissues or within body cavities

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4
Q

congestion

A

implies accumulation of excessive blood within the vessels of an organ or tissue

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5
Q

thrombus and embolus

A

thrombus: blood clot that has formed either in a blood vessel or in the heart that has remained stationary
embolus: blood clot that has been broken off from its original location and has moved through a vessel to lodge at a distant site

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6
Q

infarction

A

cell death and tissue necrosis that is caused by a disruption in the blood supply

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7
Q

lymphedema

A

chronic swelling of an area due to accumulation of interstitial fluid secondary to obstruction of lymphatic vessels/nodes

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8
Q

shock

A

BP falls so low that perfusion of the organs cannot occur

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9
Q

anemia

A

RBC count falls significantly, thus resulting in reduction in hemoglobin and the ability of the blood to carry o2 to the organs and the tissues

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10
Q

polycythemia

A

too many RBCs cause viscosity increase of the blood and congestion

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11
Q

leukocytopenia

A

significant reduction in the total WBC count

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12
Q

leukocytosis

A

blood disorder in which immature WBCs accumulate

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13
Q

aging and the hematopoietic system: decrease in… (3 things)

A
  • intestinal absorption of iron
  • iron-binding capacity
  • iron storage capacity
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14
Q

destination

A

bone marrow

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15
Q

decreases result in…

A
  • decreased RBC’s (iron deficiency anemia)

- increased RBC fragility

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16
Q

decreased vitamin B12 GI absorption results in

A

decrease in red bone marrow production of RBCs

disease outcome - pernicious anemia

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17
Q

decreased number/size of lymph nodes and cellular immunity/t-cell function outcome

A

reduced immunity

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18
Q

blood composition - plasma

A

55% of blood volume
Water-90+%
Solids-<10% (electrolytes, proteins)

19
Q

blood composition - cells

A

45% of blood volume
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
White blood cells (Leukocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)

20
Q

blood transfusions

A

Necessary following prolonged surgery or accident

Elective surgery-autologous transfusions

21
Q

blood transfusion complication

A 
ABO Incompatibility (Type II Hyperimmune reaction)
Signs of complications
Chills and Fever
Rash
Jaundice
Blood stained urine
Adult Respiratory Distress                                                                      Syndrome
Hepatitis B or C infection
HIV infection
Air embolism
Circulatory overload
Delayed reaction
22
Q

erythroprotein

A

active form of renal erthyropoietic factor, which is produced by the kidneys

when activated, it stimulates bone marrow, thus promoting hematopoiesis

23
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

genetic disorder

  • too much iron absorbed from the GI tract
  • too much iron deposited in organs and various tissues
  • “rusty” colored skin
24
Q

Hemochromatosis etiology

A 
Men: Women=8:1
Peak age: 50’s and 60’s
Autosomal Recessive 
Defect in the HFE Gene
(High Fe gene)
25
Q

Hemochromatosis - iron accumulates causing

A 
Iron induced Arthropathy
Iron Induced Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Cancer
Iron induced Cardiomyopathy
Fe induced Emphysema-Lungs
Fe induced Diabetes Mellitus-pancreas
Fe induced Sterility-Reproductive organs
26
Q

Porphyria

A

Accumulation of porphyrins
Porphyrins form “Heme” portion of Hemoglobin

Accumulate in tissues and organs, i.e. CNS
Seizures, cognitive changes, behavioral changes
Polyneuropathy with Polyneuritis
Spill over as “Port wine urine”
Porphyrins are a purple pigment

27
Q

cutaneous porphyria

A

photodermatitis

28
Q

complete blood count

A 
Total rbc count (4.2-6.1 million cells/mcL)
Total wbc count (4.5-9.5 thousand cells/mcL)
Total platelet count (150, 000-400,00 cells/mcL)
Hemoglobin (grams/100 ml)
Hematocrit (%)
Leukocyte differential count: 
Granulocytes 
- 50-75% Neutrophils (PMN’s)
- 1-2% Eosinophils
- 0.5-1% Basophils 
Agranulocytes
- 25-33% Lymphocytes
- 6% Monocytes
Reticulocyte count (1% immature RBC’s)
RBC indices						    
MCV (~87 cubic microns) 
MCHC (~30%)
MCH (~30 picograms)*
29
Q

everything included in a CBC

A 
Red Blood Cell count + indices
White Blood Cell count + differential
Platelet Count
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
Reticulocyte Count
30
Q

Hemoglobinopathies-Sickle Cell Disease

A

Abnormal, “sickle cell” shaped erythrocyte in Sickle cell disease
Autosomal recessive trait: sickle cell disease (HbSS)
Heterozygote: sickle cell trait” (HbAS)
Commonly in people from parts of tropical and sub-tropical areas where malaria is common, or their descendants .. .

31
Q

sickle cell disease clinical issues

A

Poor Affinity for O2
Vascular Occlusive Crisis
Hemolytic Crisis

32
Q

Vascular Occlusive Crisis

A 
Stroke
Heart Attack
Venous thrombus
Thromboembolism
Auto-splenectomy
Acute chest syndrome
33
Q

Hemolytic Crisis

A 
Creates “sludge” and vascular occlusion
Stroke
Heart Attack
Venous thrombus
Thromboembolism
Auto-splenectomy
Acute chest syndrome
34
Q

the anemias - CDC

A

“Hemoglobin < 14 gms/100 ml (males)”

“Hemoglobin < 12 gms/100 ml (females”

35
Q

Anemia s/s

A 
Pallor				
Resting Tachycardia			
Cardiac Murmurs  >100 bpm		
Angina
Dyspnea 		
Anorexia						
Constipation/Diarrhea			
Headaches
-Dizziness			
Syncope (fainting)
Tinnitus 	
Stomatitis
Pica
fatigue
36
Q

causes of anemia

A

Excessive Blood Loss
Increased Destruction of Erythrocytes
Decreased Production of Erythrocytes

37
Q

anemia caused by excessive blood loss

A
  • most common
  • from cancer, long term use of aspirin/other drugs, menstruation
  • also known as Normocytic, normochromic
  • RBC Indices (MCV, MCHC, MCH) all normal
38
Q

anemias caused by destruction of RBCs

A
  • may be congenital or acquired
  • congenital: sickle cell
  • acquired: autoimmune, malaria
39
Q

anemia caused by destruction of erythrocytes - type 1

A

macrocytic, normochronic:

  • RBCs are enlarged but hemoglobin concentration is normal
  • when DNA synthesis has been interfered with, b12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)
40
Q

anemia caused by destruction of erythrocytes - type 2

A

microcytic, hypochromic:

  • RBCs are smaller than normal, and hemoglobin concentration per RBC is below normal
  • iron deficiency
41
Q

aplastic anemia

A

life threatening illness
bone marrow is suppressed, resulting in an insufficient number of production of all blood cells
- congenital, idiopathic, or acquired
- may survive long term on supportive therapy or death by internal bleeding

42
Q

polycythemia

A
  • myeloproliferative disorder (too many RBCs)

- increased blood volume and viscosity

43
Q

primary polycythemia (vera)

A
  • bone marrow overproduces blood cells
  • older men, progressive
    Rust colored skin
    Blood-shot eyes
    Headache, “fullness” in the head
    Dizziness
    Fatigue
    Pruritus (itchy”)
    deep venous thrombus
  • Budd Chiari syndrome
44
Q

secondary polycythemia

A
  • aquired
    1) circulating volume of plasma decreases (dehydration)
    2) RBCs increase from external causes - smoking

high altitude

Pathophysiology (27 decks)

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