Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Unit 2 - Hematology Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Hematology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

neutrophilia

A

“shift to the left” - increase in PMN’s
acute inflammation
occurs during periods of stress, violent exercise, infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neutropenia

A

“shift to the right”

chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

monocytosis

A

chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

eosinophilia

A

allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

basophilia

A

myeloproliferative disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lymphocytosis

A

infectious mono, hepatitis, mumps, lymphomas, malignancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

leukocytopenia and agranulocytopneia

A

occurs in certain viral infections and in bone marrow depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

leukemia

A

malignancy of red bone marrow and immature/ineffective WBC’s are produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

acute leukemia

A

Large numbers of immature wbc’s
Platelets and rbc’s are deceased
Major causes of mortality are infection and bleeding
Rapidly fatal without treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 types of acute leukemia

A

Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML)

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML)

A

Mostly adults-most common Leukemia

Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Immature Granulocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

s/s of AML

A
  • infection, bleeding, fever/chills, tachycardia/pnea, lethargy, weight loss, splenomegaly
  • high WBC count
  • cytoplasm containing Auer rods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Auer rods

A

rod shaped bodies in cytoplasm of immature granulocytes

clumped lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

acute leukemia and gout

A
  • gout caused by elevated levels of uric acid
  • 1st metatarsal joint most common
    forms topsoil (crystallized uric acid deposits) - and kidney stones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

A

Acute hemorrhage
Fulminating infection
Common Lymphoid Progenitor cell origin
Form Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
- Mutation in the Common Lymphoid Progenitor
Undifferentiated, immature circulating
lymphocytes (“lymphoblasts”)
Disease progresses rapidly-esp. in adults
Can be fatal in weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

risk factors ALL

A 
Exposure to radiation
Exposure to certain chemicals
Smoking
Other blood disorders: myelodysplasia, polycythemia vera
Genetic disorders-Down Syndrome
white males

Most common childhood cancer (cure rate 85-90%)
Peak incidence at 4-5 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

s/s ALL

A

enlarged, painful lymph nodes
enlarged liver and spleen
Unexplained bleeding (nosebleeds, bruising.)
Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Infection Prone
Weight loss and malaise
Fever and night sweats
Lethargy
Bone and joint pain
CNS and other organ involvement-aggressive invading lymphoblasts

18
Q

Chronic Leukemia and 2types

A

moderate increase in WBC ‘s

Chronic Myelogenous (Myelocytic) Leukemia (CML)
Chronic Lymphogenous (Lymphocytic) Leukemia (CLL)
19
Q

Chronic Myelogenous (Myelocytic) Leukemia (CML)

A 
Middle aged adults-slow (indolent) onset
May be asymptomatic
Mild/Moderate Granulocytosis
Mixture of Mature/Immature Granulocytes
Mild anemia and thrombocytopenia

Most patients (95%)with CML have the Philadelphia chromosome

20
Q

Philadelphia chromosome-#22

A

A reciprocal translocation, an exchange of genetic material, between chromosomes 9 and 22.

21
Q

band cells and segmented cells in CML

A

Band cells-immature neutrophils (c-shaped nucleus)

Segmented cells-mature neutrophils

22
Q

s/s CML

A 
May be asymptomatic
Fatigue
Weight loss
Enlarged spleen
Easily bruised
Night sweats-Nocturnal diaphoresis
23
Q

risk factors and survival CML

A

Risk factors: Being male and aging

Survival after 8 years-95.2% (2011)
Bone Marrow conversion-Progresses to acute myeloblastic stage (“blast” crisis)

24
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

A

Older adults >50 years of age (70’s and up)
Median survival: 8-10 years (2014)

Proliferation of B lymphocytes
Mild/Moderate anemia and thrombocytopenia
Signs/symptoms similar to CML including splenomegaly

Progressive Disease
Tendency for Bleeding and Infection increase

25
Q

bone marrow conversion of CLL

A

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Severe Thrombocytopenia
Aplastic Anemia
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Richter’s syndrome)

26
Q

subtype of CLL - hairy cell leukemia

A

Indolent B cell lymphocytic leukemia
5:1 Male: Female >50 years of age
Splenomegaly, Fatigue
Lowered RBC’s and Platelets (Easy to bruise; easy to bleed)

27
Q

disorders of hemostasis - coagulation

A

series of steps that form a platelet and fibrin clot for the purpose of limiting hemorrhage

28
Q

3 major steps in coagulation

A
  1. transient vasoconstriction
  2. platelet aggression
  3. stepwise activation of clotting factors
29
Q

Activation of the clotting cascade - 3 pathways

A 
Extrinsic Pathway (Tissue Damaage Pathway)	
Intrinsic Pathway (Surface Contact Pathway)
Common Pathway
30
Q

lab tests for hemostasis disorders

A

Extrinsic Pathway-Prothrombin Time (ProTime): 12-15 seconds
Intrinsic Pathway-Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): 25-30 seconds
Prothrombin time-reported as International Normalized Ratio (INR): 0.8-1.2

31
Q

disorders of hemostasis - Purpura

A

bruising induced by vasculitis

Small vessel inflammation
Bleeding beneath the skin
May be autoimmune, age related, or idiopathic

32
Q

Schamberg’s Disease

A

Disease-leaking blood vessels

- Mostly in males   - Usually occurs on the legs   - Cause unknown   - Pruitus common
33
Q

Hereditary Vasculitis

A

Hemorrhagic Purpura (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome)

Henoch Schonlein (SHURN-line) Purpura
Etiology: Immune complexes-reason is unknown
Young males often affected
Clinical Manifestations 
Purpura & Petechiae 
Arthritis-pain & swelling
Nephropathy
Gastrointestinal symptoms
34
Q

senile purpura

A

aging induced purpora

35
Q

hemophilia

A

bleeding disorder usually occurs in males (sex linked recessive)

36
Q

types of hemophilia

A

Hemophilia A-Classic Hemophilia (most common)
Clotting Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor-AHF)

Hemophilia B-Clotting Factor IX (Christmas Factor)
Christmas Disease

37
Q

von Willebrand’s Disease

A 
platelet deficiency
von Willebrand’s factor (vWF) missing
vWF synthesized by Megakaryocytes
 Most common inherited clotting disorder
  Lack of platelet adherence to collagen in                                                           the vessel wall & to each other
  Outcome-excessive bleeding
38
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A
  • platelet deficiency, often a side effect of cancer that has metastasized to bone marrow
39
Q

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia (ITP)

A
  • autoimmune disorder
    Acute (< 6 months)-Children and Teens
    Chronic (> 6 months)- Adults
    Females: Males 3:1
40
Q

types of thrombosis

A

primary: myeloproliferative disorder resulting in over production of platelets

secondary

41
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A
  • hyper coagulation disorder, clotting mechanism is stimulated by release of cytokines and widespread clotting occurs

Maternal Premature Birth, Pre-eclampsia

  • Cancer
  • Trauma
  • Sepsis
  • Burns
  • Snake bites (poisonous)

Pathophysiology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions