Unit I - Immune System (Part 2) Flashcards
changes with innate immunity that are associated with aging
thinning skin, decreased GI tract acidity, shallow breathing, less acidic urine, less elastic bladder
changes in acquired immunity
- thymus involutes
- decline in T lymphocytes
- dampened immune response
- increased cell mutations and decreased apoptosis
- tendency to form autoantibodies, causing autoimmune diseases
pressure sores - stages
Stage 1: Discoloration (redness) of intact skin
Stage 2: Partial-thickness skin loss-lesion is through the epidermis
Stage 3: Full thickness skin loss involving damage into the subcutaneous tissue (Hypodermis)
Stage 4: Full thickness skin loss with extensive destruction and necrosis extending through the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue
CNS aging
WBCs migrate to CNS, glial cells secrete pro inflammatory cytokines, CNS inflammation
hypothetical outcomes of CNS inflammation
contributes to alzheimer’s, ALS, MS, parkinson’s, PSP
exercise and immunology
moderate, regular exercise
- increase T cells, B cells, NK cells
strenuous exercise - decrease WBCs, chronic inflammation
primary (congenital) immunodeficiency and 3 examples
someone is born with a poorly functioning immune system
- X-linked/Bruton’s
- DiGeorge’s
- SCIDS
X-linked/Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia
- boys
- can’t make B cells
- severely immunocompromised
mutation of X chromosome
frequent bacterial infections
DiGeorge’s Syndrome
(congenital T cell deficiency)
deletion of piece of chromosome 22
absence/underdeveloped thymus and parathyroid glands, palate abnormalities, feeding difficulties, many defects
severe combined immune deficiency syndrome (SCIDS)
“bubble boy disease”
both B and T cells are deficient
secondary immunodeficiency
someone acquires immune dysfunction either by disease, medication, or other cause
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
HIV attacks CD4 lymphocytes and B and T are inactivated
infectious diseases are easily contracted
acquired diseases outcomes
cancer
- epstein-barr virus (non-hodgkin’s lymphoma): B cell lymphomas and nodules in lymphnodes
- HPV: uterine cervical cancer
If you have >5000 HIV RNA copies/ml in blood, you have ____
If you have 300-500 HIV RNA copies/ml in blood, you’re ____
active AIDS
HIV+ but not sick
if you have <200 CD4 cells/ml, you have ____
if you have >200 CD4 cells/ml, you’re
active AIDS
HIV+ but not sick
(normal is 700-1000)
common opportunistic infections
AIDS pneumonia AIDS gastroenteritis AIDS related meningitis/encephalitis, myocarditis Hepatitis Conjunctivitis Pharyngitis (thrush)
opportunistic infections causing cancer
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma - epstein barr virus
Kaposi’s sarcoma
HPV
HIV/AIDS transmission
STD Infected needles Breast milk Mother to child during birth Infected blood transfusion
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
- Diarrhea/Vomiting/Dehydration
- Severe Weight Loss
- Neurologic Deficits
- Dementia/Cognitive Loss
- Cranial Nerve Neuritis
- Pneumonitis
pathologic course and outcomes - AIDS related cancer
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (EBV)
Primary Effusion Lymphoma (B cell) (HHV8)
Kaposi’s Sarcoma (HHV8)
Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KSHAV)
Cervical/Genital/Oropharyngeal cancer (HPV)
pharmacologically induced immunodeficiency
occurs secondary to medicines used to reduce the graft - host reaction following organ transplants
immunosuppressant drugs following transplant surgery
corticosteroids to treat inflammation
prednisone
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and immune dysfunction syndrome
At Least 4 of the following: Unexplained, persistent fatigue severely for 6 months or longer - Fatigue not improved by rest - loss of memory - Concentration Deficit - Orthostatic Intolerance - Sore Throat/ flu like symptoms - Enlarged Lymph Nodes - muscle pain
possible causes of CFS
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Human Herpes Virus 6
Thyroid Gland Dysfunction (Hypothyroidism) Overproduction of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines resulting in Chronic Inflammation
autoimmune diseases
develop when the body forms antibodies to its own protein
around 56 exist
ex of autoimmune - Lupus Erythematous (LE)
types: Discoid (skin) or Systemic (SLE) Blood markers: 30% have Rheumatoid factor, Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) common: SLE-Butterfly Rash Kidneys - nephrovasculitis Renal Hypertension
ex of autoimmune - Fibromyalgia
chronic muscle pain syndrome (pain in both sides of the body in different mx groups)
difficult sleep, chronic headaches, TMJ pain, stiffness, fatigue, brain fog, numbness, IBS
may be caused by pro inflammatory cytokines
2 criteria of fibromyalgia
Painful Soft Tissue Nodules (11 of 18 tender points)
Widespread Pain Index (WPI) Score Locates the painful areas Symptom Severity Score-SSS (2 parts) A. Rates symptom severity B. Other symptoms
hypersensitivity reactions - type I
immediate: anaphylaxis
hypersensitivity reactions - type II
cytotoxic: hemolytic/blood transfusion mismatch
hypersensitivity reactions - type III
immune complex: circulating immune complexes which are deposited into various tissue sites
ex: Lupus erythematous Rhematoid arthritis Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Polyarteritis nodosa Farmer’s Lung
hypersensitivity reactions - type IV
cell mediated (delayed): graft vs. host reaction
MHC to MHC Tissue Mismatch
Takes 24-72 Hours to Develop
other examples: organ transplant rejection, allergic contact dermatitis and TB
blood types
Type A (A antigens-agglutinogens) Type B (B antigens-agglutinogens) Type AB (A&B antigens-agglutinogens) Type O (no antigens-agglutinogens)*** Rh+ (85%) or Rh- (15%) ***Type O is the most common blood type in the USA (about 43%)
