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Principles of Microbiology > Unit Exam 1 > Flashcards

Unit Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is wavelength

A

Distance between one peak of a wave and the next

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2
Q

What is amplitude

A

Height of each peak or depth of each trough

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3
Q

What is frequency

A

Rate of vibration of the wave or number of wavelengths in a specific time period

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4
Q

Identify the characteristic of EMR used in microscopy

A

Fluorescent dye absorbs ultraviolet or blue light then uses the energy to emit photons off a different color

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5
Q

Explain how lenses are used in microscopy to manipulate visible and ultraviolet light

A

Light waves interacting with material can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted. Light waves can interact with each other (interference) or be distorted by interaction with small objects or openings (diffraction)

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6
Q

Describe historical developments and individual contribution of Janssen

A

Janssen was secretive about the work and may have invented simple/compound microscopes and telescopes during the late 1500s or early 1600s

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7
Q

Describe historical developments and individual contribution of Leeuwenhoek

A

Father of microbiology, in 1674 described his observations of single-celled organisms in letters to the Royal Society of London

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8
Q

Describe historical developments and individual contribution of Hooke

A

Made many observations using a compound microscope. First to describe what we now call cells

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9
Q

Compare and contrast simple and compound microscopes

A

Simple have a single lens and compound have multiple lenses

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10
Q

What is the function and parts of a bright field microscope

A

Two or more lenses that produce a dark image on a bright background.

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11
Q

How to calculate total magnification

A

Ocular magnification x Objective magnification

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12
Q

Define the difference between resolution and magnification

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects from each other where as magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger.

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13
Q

Longer wavelengths = _____ ______

A

Lower energy

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14
Q

Does ROYGBIV go from low-high energy or high-low and which has the longest wavelengths?

A

Low to high and red has the longest wavelengths

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15
Q

What is the germ theory of disease

A

Disease may be caused by microbial infection

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16
Q

What is cell theory

A

Cells come from preexisting cells and are the fundamental units of organisms

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17
Q

What is spontaneous generation

A

Life could arise from non-living matter

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18
Q

What is miasma theory

A

Bad/noxious air could cause disease.

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19
Q

List the types of microorganisms

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses, Helminths

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20
Q

What microorganism cell wall is made with peptidoglycan

A

Bacteria

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21
Q

What microorganism cell wall is made with pseudopeptidoglycan

A

Archaea

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22
Q

What microorganisms are photosynthetic?

A

Bacteria, Archaea and Algae

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23
Q

Is acidic positive or negative charge?

A

Negative

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24
Q

Is basic positive or negative charge?

A

Positive

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25
Positive stains stain the _____
Cell
26
Negative stains stain the ______
Background
27
Explain the difference between simple and differential stains?
In simple staining a single dye is used to emphasize particular structures in the specimen. Differential staining distinguishes organisms based on their interactions with multiple stains
28
What are the 4 steps to gram staining process?
1. Crystal Violet 2. Iodine 3. Alcohol 4. Safranin
29
What is the purpose of crystal violet in a gram stain process?
Stain cells purple or blue
30
What is the purpose of Iodine in a gram stain process?
Makes dye less soluble so it adheres to cell walls
31
What is the purpose of alcohol in gram stain process?
Decolorization. Washes away stain from gram negative cell walls
32
What is the purpose of safranin in gram stain process?
Counterstain allows dye adherence to gram negative cells. Differentiate gram negative from gram positive
33
What is the purpose of a gram stain?
Distinguish between bacteria with different types of cell walls
34
What is the purpose of an endospore stain?
Differentiate endospores from the rest of the cell.
35
What is the purpose of an acid fast stain?
Differentiate two types of gram positive cells, those with waxy mycolic acid in their cell walls and those that do not
36
What is the purpose of a negative capsule stain?
Determine if cells in a sample have capsules
37
What is the purpose of flagella staining?
Used to study flagella in bacteria that have them
38
Describe the characteristics and application of a bright field microscope
Produces a dark image onto a light background. Most are binocular.
39
Describe the characteristics and application of a darkfield microscope
Increase contrast without staining by producing a bright image on a darker background
40
Describe the characteristics and application of a phase / differential interference contrast microscope
Uses refraction and interference caused by structures in the specimen to create high contrast, high resolution images without staining
41
Describe the characteristics and application of a fluorescent microscope
Uses fluorescent stains to produce an image, identify pathogens, find particular species, distinguish living from dead cells
42
Describe the characteristics and application of a TEM microscope
Uses electron beams that pass through a specimen to visualize small images.
43
Describe the characteristics and application of a SEM microscope
Uses electron beams to visualize surfaces; useful to observe the three dimensional surface details of specimens
44
Contributions of Pasteur
He disproved spontaneous generation theory with his swan neck flask experiment
45
Contributions of Hooke to cell theory
Hooke was the first to use the term "cells" in 1665
46
Contributions of Schwann to cell theory
Cells are the fundamental components of plants and animals
47
Contributions of Schleiden to cell theory
Cells formed through crystallization rather than cell division
48
Contributions of Remak to cell theory
Cells are derived from other cells as a result of cell division
49
Contributions of Virchow to cell theory
All cells arise from cells
50
What is endosymbiotic theory?
Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose as a result of prokaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host
51
Contributions of Semmelweis to germ theory
Proposed physicians were transferring diseases and agents without washing their hands between patients
52
Contributions of Snow to germ theory
Cholera and bacteria were able to be transmitted via drinking water
53
Contributions of Lister to germ theory
Postsurgical infections, intense handwashing and extreme cleanliness during surgery
54
Contributions of Koch to germ theory
The cause of a specific disease could be attributed to a specific microbe
55
Define microbiome
Totality of microbial forms on and in the human body
56
Define mutualism
Both benefit
57
Define amensalism
One is harmed, the other is unaffected
58
Define commensalism
One benefits, the other is unaffected
59
Define neutralism
Both are unharmed
60
Define parasitism
One benefits while the other is harmed
61
Describe the unique features of alphaproteobacteria
Oligotrophic. Feeds on cells of host organism
62
Describe the unique features of betaproteobacteria
Eutrophic. Requires a lot of organic nutrients and is hard to culture
63
Describe the unique features of gammaproteobacteria
Largest and most diverse. Can be coliform or non coliform
64
What is the difference between coliform and non coliform?
Coliform is acid and gas and non coliform is acid OR gas
65
Describe the unique features of deltaproteobacteria
Able to reduce sulfate or elemental sulfur. Some are scavengers and some are myxospores
66
Describe the unique features of epsilonproteobacteria
Smallest group. Campylobacter and helicobacter are human pathogens
67
Describe the unique features of spirochetes
Motile, spiral bacteria with a long narrow body. Difficult to culture
68
Explain the importance of cyanobacteria
Oxygen producing bacteria
69
How are gram positive bacteria divided taxonomically?
They are divided by high G+C gram positive and low G+C gram positive.
70
Actinobacteria is the taxonomic name of the class of ____ G+C gram positive bacteria
High
71
Bacilli is the taxonomic name of the class of ____ G+C gram positive bacteria
Low

Principles of Microbiology (16 decks)

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