EXAM 4 CHAPTER 22

Question 1

What divides the upper and lower respiratory tract?

Answer 1

The epiglottis

Question 2

Main structures of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, eustachian tube

Question 3

Main structures of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Question 4

How does the flora of the upper respiratory tract differentiate from the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 4

The upper respiratory tract is colonized by extensive and diverse normal microbiota, many of which are potential pathogens. The lower respiratory tract has FEW microbial inhabitants and they may be transients

Question 5

What are the pathogens and vaccines for chickenpox/shingles?

Answer 5

VZV (Varicella-zoster virus. Varicella vaccine, herpes zoster vaccine

Question 6

What are the pathogens and vaccines for common cold

Answer 6

Rhinovirus. No vaccines

Question 7

What are the pathogens and vaccines for diptheria

Answer 7

Corynebacterium diptheria. DtaP, Tdap, DT, Td, DTP

Question 8

What are the pathogens and vaccines for epiglottis otitis media

Answer 8

Haemophilus influenzae. Hib.

Question 9

What are the pathogens and vaccines for influenza

Answer 9

Influenza viruses. Inactivated, FluMist

Question 10

What are the pathogens and vaccines for measles

Answer 10

Measles viruses. MMR

Question 11

What are the pathogens and vaccines pertussis

Answer 11

Bordetella pertussis. DTaP, Tdap

Question 12

What are the pathogens and vaccines for pneumonia

Answer 12

Streptococcus pneumoniae. PCV13, PPSV23

Question 13

What are the pathogens and vaccines for rubella

Answer 13

Rubella virus. MMR

Question 14

What are the pathogens and vaccines for SARS

Answer 14

SARS-associated coronavirus. No vaccines

Question 15

What are the pathogens and vaccines for tuberculosis

Answer 15

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BCG

Question 16

Describe the typical symptoms of rhinitis

Answer 16

An inflammation of the nasal cavities (hay fever, allergies, other irritants)

Question 17

Describe the typical symptoms of sinusitis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the sinuses

Question 18

Describe the typical symptoms of pharyngitis

Answer 18

Sore throat

Question 19

Describe the typical symptoms of laryngitis

Answer 19

Inflammation of the larynx

Question 20

Describe the typical symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 20

Inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs. Pus and edema accumulate and fill the lungs with fluid.

Question 21

What is acute otitis media?

Answer 21

Infection of the middle ear that may be caused by several bacteria including streptococcus pneumoniae.

Question 22

What are the signs and symptoms of acute otitis media?

Answer 22

Signs are accumulation of pus in the middle ear. Symptoms are nausea, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, rubbing ear, tugging.

Question 23

Why is acute otitis media more common in children than adults?

Answer 23

Their eustachian tubes are shorter and drain at a shallower angle. They also spend more time lying down than adults

Question 24

What is the etiologic agent of diptheriae, how is it prevented and what is the major virulence factor?

Answer 24

Corynebacterium diptheriae. It is rare because of vaccinations. The bacteria produce exotoxins that kill cells in the pharynx, leading to the formation of a pseudomembrane

Question 25

What is the most common etiologic agent of community acquired pneumonia, and the signs and symptoms, and treatment

Answer 25

Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae). Signs and symptoms are shortness of breath, rapid shallow breathing, etc. Treatment can be antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antivirals could be for viral, also OTC medications to help alleviate symptoms.

Question 26

What is the etiologic agent for walking pneumonia?

Answer 26

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 27

What is the major risk factor for pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia?

Answer 27

Patients with cystic fibrosis and those on ventilators

Question 28

How do tubercles form in TB?

Answer 28

Inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person, bacteria enters the alveoli, the lesions become walled off forming small round lesions called tubercles

Question 29

What are the 2 tests for asymptomatic patients for TB?

Answer 29

Mantoux test which creates a raised wheal on the surface of the skin, positive result indicated by redness, swelling, or hardness at the site. Chest x-ray to detect Ghon complex formation is the other way.

Question 30

What is the most common etiologic agent for the common cold

Answer 30

Rhinoviruses

Question 31

What is the difference between signs and symptoms of common cold and influenza

Answer 31

Influenza typically has a higher fever, severe aches and pains, severe fatigue. Common cold typically has a lower fever, mild aches and pains, slight fatigue, nasal congestion is also common which is not a symptom of influenza

Question 32

What is the type of infleunza associated with pandemics?

Answer 32

Type A because it has both antigenic shift and drift

Question 33

Why is oseltamivir only effective early in influenza infections?

Answer 33

If taken at the onset of symptoms it can shorten the course of the disease. Only helpful as a prophylactic medication

Question 34

Explain how SARS-CoV-2 can cause respiratory failure in severe cases?

Answer 34

Severe hypoxemia can lead to respiratory failure, lots of the symptoms are flu-like which can lead to respiratory stress and eventually failure

Question 35

Explain why measles, rubella and chickenpox are classifies as viral respiratory diseases

Answer 35

Their symptoms are systemic, and because their portal of entry is the respiratory tract they are considered respiratory infections

Question 36

Explain why the best treatment for measles, rubella and chicken pox is prevention

Answer 36

Because there are no effective treatments once a patient is infected.

Question 37

Identify the cause and risk factors associated with shingles

Answer 37

Risk factors are elderly and weakened immune systems. The cause is the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox