Exam 2 Chapter 13/14

Question 1

Define synthetic antimicrobial drugs

Answer 1

Antimicrobial drugs developed from a chemical not found in nature

Question 2

Define natural antimicrobial drugs and give an example

Answer 2

Natural substances such as penicillin

Question 3

Define semisynthetic antimicrobial drugs

Answer 3

Chemically modified derivative of a natural antibiotic.

Question 4

What is Waksman important because of?

Answer 4

Actinomycin, streptomycin, neomycin

Question 5

What is Fleming important because of?

Answer 5

Penicillin

Question 6

Define bacteriostatic

Answer 6

Causes a reversible inhibition of growth

Question 7

Define bacteriocidal

Answer 7

Kills microbial growth

Question 8

Define narrow spectrum

Answer 8

Only targets specific subsets of bacterial pathogens (e.g. gram positive only or gram negative only)

Question 9

Define broad spectrum

Answer 9

Targets a wide variety and can also be used for polymicrobial infections or as prophylactic prevention of infections with surgery and invasive procedures.

Question 10

Penicillin

Answer 10

Inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

Question 11

Tetracylines

Answer 11

Inhibits biosynthesis of proteins

Question 12

Macrolides

Answer 12

Inhibits biosynthesis of proteins

Question 13

Polymyxin B

Answer 13

Disrupt membranes

Question 14

Rifamycin

Answer 14

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

Question 15

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 15

Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

Question 16

Sulfonamides

Answer 16

Antimetabolites

Question 17

Define drug resistance

Answer 17

Exposure to the pathogens over time can lead to mutations and genetic change that can create resistance

Question 18

Define conjugation

Answer 18

Transfer of resistance gene through a sex pilus

Question 19

Define transduction

Answer 19

Virus transfers from one bacterium to another

Question 20

Define transformation

Answer 20

Uptake of naked DNA from a dead cell

Question 21

Define sterilization

Answer 21

The complete remove or killing of all vegetative cells, endospores and viruses from the targeted item or environment

Question 22

Define disinfection

Answer 22

Inactivates most microbes on the surface of a fomite by using antimicrobial chemicals or heat

Question 23

Define degerming

Answer 23

Microbial numbers are significantly reduced by gently scrubbing living tissue, most commonly handwashing

Question 24

Define sanitation

Answer 24

Cleansing of fomites to remove enough microbes to achieve levels deemed safe for public health

Question 25

Define antisepsis

Answer 25

Process of using antimicrobial chemicals safe for use on living skin or tissue (hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol)