FINAL OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 6-20

Question 1

Generalized transduction

Answer 1

Occurs when a random piece of bacterial chromosomal DNA is transferred by the phage during the lytic cycle

Question 2

Specialized transduction

Answer 2

At the end of the lysogenic cycle, the prophage is excised and the bacteriophage enters the lytic cycle

Question 3

Latent infection

Answer 3

Remaining hidden or dormant inside the cell

Question 4

Chronic infection

Answer 4

Symptoms that are recurrent or persistent over a long time

Question 5

Lytic infection

Answer 5

The phage replicates and lyses the host cell

Question 6

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 6

Phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome where it is passed on to the subsequent generations

Question 7

Homolactic fermentation

Answer 7

Only lactic acid

Question 8

Heterolactic fermentation

Answer 8

Mix of acid (lactic, ethanol, acetic)

Question 9

Enriched media

Answer 9

Contains growth factors, vitamins, and other essential nutrients to promote growth of fastidious organisms (organisms that cannot make certain nutrients and require them to be added to the medium)

Question 10

Selective media

Answer 10

Media that inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms and support the growth of the organism of interest by supplying nutrients and reducing competition

Question 11

Differential media

Answer 11

Make it easy to distinguish colonies of different bacteria by a change in the color of the colonies or the color of the medium

Question 12

Sterilization

Answer 12

The complete removal or killing of all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses from the targeted item or environment. Physical means or chemical means

Question 13

Disinfection

Answer 13

Inactivates most microbes on the surface of a fomite by using antimicrobial chemicals or heat

Question 14

Degerming

Answer 14

Microbial numbers are signifcantly reduced by gently scrubbing living tissue, most commonly skin handwashing

Question 15

Sanitation

Answer 15

Cleansing of fomites to remove enough microbes to achieve levels deemed safe for public health (commercial dishwashers)

Question 16

Antisepsis

Answer 16

Using antimicrobial chemicals safe for use on living skin or tissue (hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol)

Question 17

Bacteriostatic

Answer 17

Reversible inhibition of growth

Question 18

Bactericidal

Answer 18

Kills microbial growth. Used in immunocompromised people or in dire situations

Question 19

What is antibiotic resistance

Answer 19

Exposure to pathogens over time can lead to mutations and genetic changes that create a resistance

Question 20

Endotoxin

Answer 20

Lipopolysaccharide found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. A classic method of detecting endotoxin is the Limulus amebocyte lysate

Question 21

Exotoxin

Answer 21

Protein molecules that are produced by a wide variety of living pathogenic bacteria. Mostly produced by gram positive bacteria

Question 22

Tetanus

Answer 22

Inhibits the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS, causing spastic paralysis.

Question 23

Botulinum

Answer 23

Inhibits release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from neurons resulting in flaccid paralysis

Question 24

Streptolysin

Answer 24

Proteins that assemble into pores in cell membranes, disrupting their function and killing the cell.

Question 25

Contact transmission

Answer 25

Direct physical contact. Vertical is birth. Horizontal is sexual.

Question 26

Indirect transmission

Answer 26

Fomites (nosocomial)

Question 27

Vehicle transmission

Answer 27

Spread through food, water, or air

Question 28

Vector transmission

Answer 28

Mechanical (spread by an animal or individual that does not itself become infected). Biological (pathogens replicate in vector, vector is infected too)

Question 29

Physical defense

Answer 29

Mechanical, physical barriers, microbiome

Question 30

Chemical defense

Answer 30

Enzymes/chemicals in body fluids, antimicrobial peptides, plasma protein mediators, cytokines, inflammation eliciting mediators

Question 31

Cellular defense

Answer 31

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 32

The four outcomes of complement activation

Answer 32

Opsonization, inflammation, chemotaxis, cytolysis

Question 33

Monocytes

Answer 33

Have a nucleus that lacks lobes. Effective phagocytes, engulf pathogens and apoptotic cells to help fight infection

Question 34

Macrophages

Answer 34

Provide immune protection for the tissue where they reside but also support normal function of neighboring tissues

Question 35

Granulocytes

Answer 35

Have 3 classes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Question 36

Humoral immunity

Answer 36

Antibodies produced by B cells

Question 37

Cellular immunity

Answer 37

T cells that target intracellular pathogens

Question 38

Natural immunity

Answer 38

Acquired through exposure via natural mechanism

Question 39

Artifical immunity

Answer 39

Acquired through exposure via artificial means

Question 40

Passive immunity

Answer 40

Transfer of protective antibodies from immune to non-immune individual

Question 41

Active immunity

Answer 41

Transfer of antigen to produce immune response in recipient

Question 42

Type 1 HS

Answer 42

Allergy, IgE and mast cells. Do not receive a reaction on the first exposure but on the second exposure. Hayfever / anaphylaxis

Question 43

Type 2 HS

Answer 43

IgG and IgM usually involve complement. Cell bound antigen. Leads to complement activation and cell lysis. Red blood cell destruction after a transfusion with mismatches blood types

Question 44

Type 3 HS

Answer 44

IgG and IgM forming immune complexes. Soluble antigen. Complement activation provides inflammatory mediators and recruits neutrophils. Post streptococcal, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus

Question 45

Type 4 HS

Answer 45

T cell mediated. Soluble or cell-bound antigen. TH1 cells secrete cytokines which activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. Dermatitis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis.