Exam 2 Chapter 8/9

Question 1

Define metabolism

Answer 1

The term used to describe all chemical reactions inside a cell

Question 2

Define exergonic reactions

Answer 2

Reactions that are spontaneous and release energy

Question 3

Define endergonic reactions

Answer 3

Reactions that require energy to proceed

Question 4

Define anabolism and what type of reaction is it?

Answer 4

Converting molecular building blocks into more complex molecules, fueled by the use of cellular energy, (endergonic)

Question 5

Define catabolism and what type of reaction is it?

Answer 5

Pathways that break down molecules into simpler ones, (exergonic)

Question 6

Define autotrophs and give an example

Answer 6

Organisms that convert inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds. Examples are plants and cyanobacteria

Question 7

Define heterotrophs and give an example

Answer 7

Organisms that rely on more complex organic compounds as nutrients (provided to them initially by autotrophs). Humans, many prokaryotes including E. Coli.

Question 8

Define phototrophs

Answer 8

Get their energy for electron transfer from light

Question 9

Define chemotrophs

Answer 9

Obtain energy for electron transfer by breaking chemical bonds

Question 10

NAD/NAD+ is the most common ____ ____ _____ used in catabolism

Answer 10

Mobile electron carrier

Question 11

NADP+/NADPH is another important carrier and plays a role in _____ reactions and ______

Answer 11

Anabolic. Photosynthesis

Question 12

FAD/FADH2 are extensively used in energy extraction from sugars during _____ in ______

Answer 12

Catabolism. Chemoheterotrophs

Question 13

ATP is the _____ _____ _____ ______ ______

Answer 13

Energy currency of the cell

Question 14

What does an enzyme do? What do they bind to?

Answer 14

Lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction inside a cell. Bind to substrates

Question 15

Define competitive enzyme inhibitor

Answer 15

Molecule similar enough to a substrate that it can compete for binding to the active site by blocking the substrate from binding.

Question 16

What needs to happen for competitive enzyme inhibitors to be effective

Answer 16

Inhibitor concentration needs to be approximately equal to substrate concentration

Question 17

Define noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors

Answer 17

Binds to the enzyme at an allosteric site (a location other than the active site)

Question 18

Where does the electron transport system take place in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 18

The inner part of the cell membrane

Question 19

Where does the electron transport system take place in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 19

In a specialized protein complex in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Question 20

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 20

Direct ADP to ATP

Question 21

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 21

Produces more ATP than substrate level phosphorylation and has more steps

Question 22

Where is the location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 22

Cytoplasm

Question 23

Where is the location of ATP synthase in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 23

Mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane

Question 24

Aerobic respiration

Answer 24

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport system is an oxygen molecule

Question 25

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 25

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport system is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen

Question 26

Fermentation only uses ______ where as anaerobic respiration uses all three parts of cellular respiration

Answer 26

Glycolysis

Question 27

Define generation time in prokaryotes

Answer 27

Also called the doubling time, it is defined as the time it takes for the population to double through one round of binary fission

Question 28

What is the most common method of bacterial replication?

Answer 28

Binary fission

Question 29

What happens in the lag phase?

Answer 29

No increase in the number of living bacterial cells

Question 30

What happens in the log phase?

Answer 30

Exponential increase in number of living bacterial cells

Question 31

What happens in the stationary phase?

Answer 31

Plateau in number of living bacterial cells, rate of cell division and death roughly equal.

Question 32

What happens in the death or decline phase?

Answer 32

Exponential decrease in number of living bacterial cells

Question 33

A coulter counter is not able to differentiate between ____ and ____ cells. It is _____

Answer 33

Living and dead. Rapid.

Question 34

Biofilms can form in ____ and can cause ____ ______ that can spread

Answer 34

Wounds. Serious infection.

Question 35

What is quorum sensing and what is its role in cell communication?

Answer 35

A mechanism by which cells in a biofilm coordinate their activities in response to environmental stimuli.

Question 36

In quorum sensing, gram positives use mostly _____ _____

Answer 36

Small peptides.

Question 37

In quorum sensing, gram negatives uses mostly ____ ______ __

Answer 37

N-acylated homoserine lactones

Question 38

Define obligate aerobe and where it would sit in the broth?

Answer 38

Cannot grow without an abundant supply of oxygen. All at the top

Question 39

Define obligate anaerobe and where it would sit in the broth?

Answer 39

Killed by oxygen. All at bottom

Question 40

Define facultative anaerobe and where it would sit in the broth?

Answer 40

Thrive in the presence of oxygen but also grow in its absence. Mostly at top some at bottom

Question 41

Define aerotolerant anaerobe and where it would sit in the broth?

Answer 41

Indifferent to the presence of oxygen. Evenly dispersed

Question 42

Where would microaerophiles sit in the broth?

Answer 42

Sit just below at the top of the broth.

Question 43

What does peroxidase do?

Answer 43

Catalyzes various oxidative reactions using hydrogen peroxide and other substrates as electron donors

Question 44

What does superoxide dismutase do?

Answer 44

Breaks down potentially harmful oxygen molecules in cells

Question 45

What does catalase do?

Answer 45

Converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen