EXAM 4 CHAPTER 26 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Why is there no normal flora associated with the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

It is sterile because of the meninges and the blood brain barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 general mechanisms pathogens use to breach the blood brain barrier

A

Intercellular, transcellular, leukocyte facilitated, non-hematogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe intercellular in regards to BBB

A

Virulence factors, toxins, or inflammation to pass between cells of the BBB.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe transcellular in regards to BBB

A

Virulence factors to adhere, trigger uptake and pass through the cells of the BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe leukocyte facilitated in regards to BBB

A

Trojan horse that infects peripheral blood leukocytes to directly enter the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe non-hematogenous in regards to BBB

A

Nonhematogenous entry allows pathogens to enter the brain without encountering the blood-brain barrier; it occurs when pathogens travel along either the olfactory or trigeminal cranial nerves that lead directly into the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain. Same symptoms as meningitis with lethargy, seizures, and personality changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges. Typical symptoms can include severe headache, fever, photophobia (increased sensitivity to light), stiff neck, convulsions, and confusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define meningoencephalitis

A

Inflammation of brain AND meninges. All three of these can lead to blindness, deafness, coma, and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of bacterial meningitis

A

Neisseria meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcous pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the best treatment for Neisseria meningitidis

A

Meningococcal vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the best treatment for Haemophilus influenzae

A

Hib polysaccharide conjugate vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the best treatment for streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Pneumococcal vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cause of neonatal meningitis and how can it be prevented?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae. IV antibiotics in mom during labor stops spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Identify the mechanisms of virulence factors associated with tetanus

A

Caused by Clostridium tetani. When it infects a wound and produces TeNT which rapidly binds to neural tissues resulting in an intoxication of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the at risk populations for listeria?

A

Pregnant women, neonates, elderly, immunocompromised

17
Q

What causes Listeria and what are some facts about it

A

Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne pathogens 20% of cases spread from GI tract to cause meningitis.

18
Q

What is the mechanism of rabies spread

A

Spread by bite of infected mammals

19
Q

What are the two presentations of rabies and their symptoms

A

Furious - hydrophobia, terror, confusion, cardio and respiratory failure, death. Paralytic - paralysis spreads from wound to rest of the body, coma, death.

20
Q

Prevention of rabies

A

Prevention is a prophylactic vaccine.

21
Q

What is the mechanism of pathology in transmission spongiform encephalopathy

A

They are typically transmitted by exposure to and ingestion of infected nervous system tissues, tissue transplants, blood transfusions, or contaminated fomites.

22
Q

Etiologic agent and risk factors of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

A

Naegleria fowleri. Swimming in stagnant warm water.

23
Q

Symptoms and outcomes of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

A

Early symptoms are severe headache and fever. Only 3/138 patients have survived. Cold therapy to reduce brain swelling.