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7 - Life Science > Unit D - Genetics > Flashcards

Unit D - Genetics Flashcards

54 - Investigating Human Traits 55 - Plants Have Genes, Too 56 - Joe's Dilemma 57 - Reproduction 58 - Creature Features 59 - Gene Combo 60 - Mendel, 1st Geneticist 61 - Gene Squares 62 - Analyzing Genetic Data 63 - Show Me The Genes! 64 - Nature and Nurture 65 - Breeding Critters 66 - Patterns In Pedigrees 67 - What Would You Do? 68 - Searching for the Lost Children 69 - Evidence From DNA 70 - Finding the Lost Children 71 – Should We?

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which traits (eye color, tongue roll, finger cross, earlobes, hairline, hand clasp, and PTC tasting) are inherited from parents?

A

Eye color, hairline, earlobes, PTC (100%)

Tongue roll, finger cross, hand clasp (partial)

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2
Q

True/False: Most traits are impacted by the environment

A

True

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3
Q

Is the classroom an accurate representation of a larger population (a school or community)? Why or why not?

A

No… sample size was too small and too similar

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4
Q

Why do we study fruit flies or plants?

A
  • Short generation time (birth to reproductive maturity)
  • Produce many offspring
  • Easy to obtain/maintain
  • Have many observable traits
  • Ethical
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5
Q

In generation I, two plants were homozygous green and two were albino (yellow/white). What is the probability of a Gen II plant being green?

A

100%

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6
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Provides connections from tissue in the body

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7
Q

What are the pros about asexual reproduction?

A
  • Rapid + efficient

- Doesn’t rely on a mate

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8
Q

What is the con about asexual reproduction?

A
  • No genetic diversity - risky for a species
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9
Q

What is an example of asexual reproduction in a unicellular organism?

A

Bacteria: copy genetic information and divide

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10
Q

What is an example of asexual reproduction in a multicellular organism?

A

Hydra: budding: offspring grow directly from the parent and break off when they mature

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11
Q

What is the pro about sexual reproduction?

A
  • Genetic diversity
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12
Q

What are the cons about sexual reproduction?

A
  • Does rely on a mate

- Not as efficient

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13
Q

In sexual reproduction, the offspring will be _________ from both of its parents.

A

different

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14
Q

Identical twins result when–

A

One fertilized egg cell splits before growth and development

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15
Q

Fraternal twins result when–

A

Two egg cells are fertilized by two sperm cells

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16
Q

What are some traits impacted by the environment?

A

Intelligence, height, weight

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17
Q

What is the female sex cell?

A

Egg

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18
Q

What is the male sex cell?

A

Sperm

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19
Q

Why is breeding performed?

A
  • Gets desired traits
  • Maintains a species
  • Study genetics
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20
Q

What are Mendel’s rules of inheritance?

A
  • Offspring inherit an equal amount of genes from both parents
  • Two genes for each characteristic
  • Some genes are dominant over others
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21
Q

The dominant gene is always expressed by a _______ letter

A

capital

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22
Q

The recessive gene is always expressed by a _______ letter

A

lowercase

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23
Q

Who was the first geneticist?

A

Gregor Mendel

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24
Q

What did Mendel find out?

A

When two heterozygous things are crossed, the ratio of dominant:recessive is close to 3:1

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25
Q

Why do we not always get a 3:1 ratio when performing a heterozygous cross?

A

Human error, small sample size

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26
Q

Why did Mendel do so many crosses for the same characteristic?

A

To improve reliability and to have a higher sample size

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27
Q

Why is it impossible for offspring to show the recessive trait if one parent is homozygous for the dominant trait?

A

All of the offspring will get at least one dominant allele and will express the dominant trait

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28
Q

Why do unicellular organisms divide?

A

To reproduce

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29
Q

Why do multicellular organisms divide?

A

To grow and to replace old, worn out, or dead cells

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30
Q

When do chromosomes appear?

A

When a cell is dividing

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31
Q

How many chromosomes are in body cells?

A

46

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32
Q

How many chromosomes are in sex cells?

A

23

33
Q

Before a cell divides, DNA is _______

A

copied/replicated

34
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

35
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

All the information organism needs to grow and function

36
Q

What is DNA shaped like?

A

A spiral ladder or double helix

37
Q

What are the sides of the helix made of?

A

Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate

38
Q

What are the rungs/steps of the ladder made of?

A

Nitrogen bases

39
Q

What are the 4 “puzzle pieces” that match to make DNA rungs?

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine, Ademine

40
Q

How do the puzzle pieces always bond? Why?

A

Cytosine/Thymine and Guanine/Ademine; chemically bond only one way

41
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A unit of DNA consisting of sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

42
Q

The 46 chromosomes can be sorted into _______ matching pairs

A

23

43
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Thing showing all chromosomes of offspring/baby, revealing if there is a syndrome or an odd number of chromosomes

44
Q

What is an example of a helpful mutation?

A

Bacterial antibiotic resistance

45
Q

What is an example of a neutral mutation?

A

Different nose shape

46
Q

What is an example of a harmful mutation?

A

Genetic disease (cystic fibrosis)`

47
Q

What environmental factor are we testing by using the black petri dish?

A

Sunlight

48
Q

What ratio would we expect with a clear dish?

A

3:1

49
Q

What ratio did we get in the black dish?

A

0:22

50
Q

Can heredity alone ensure that organisms will grow and have a healthy life?

A

No… organisms such as plants also rely on environmental factors (water) for proper growth.

51
Q

Can the environment alone ensure that organisms will grow and have a healthy life?

A

No… some organisms carry mutations

52
Q

What is a real-life example of incomplete dominance?

A

A red and white flower make a pink flower

53
Q

What is a real-life example of co-dominance?

A

AB blood

54
Q

What are some traits influenced by the environment?

A

Intelligence, height, weight

55
Q

What happens during interphase?

A
  • DNA is replicated

- Growth of cell occurs

56
Q

What happens during prophase?

A
  • DNA condenses into chromosomes

- Nuclear membrane breaks apart

57
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

- Spindle fibers connect

58
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
59
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • Nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes
60
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A
  • The cells split in two
61
Q

For a person to be a carrier, does the condition have to be dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive

62
Q

What is the genotype of the carrier?

A

Heterozygous

63
Q

What does a horizontal line on a pedigree mean?

A

Marriage or had kids

64
Q

If the parent’s blood types are O O, what can the child be?

A

Type O

65
Q

If the parent’s blood types are A O, what can the child be?

A

Type A or O

66
Q

If the parent’s blood types are B O, what can the child be?

A

Type B or O

67
Q

If the parent’s blood types are A A, what can the child be?

A

Type A or O

68
Q

If the parent’s blood types are B B, what can the child be?

A

Type B or O

69
Q

If the parent’s blood types are A B, what can the child be?

A

Type A, B, AB, or O

70
Q

What are the possible genotypes for O blood?

A

OO, because O is recessive

71
Q

What are the possible genotypes for A blood?

A

AA or AO

72
Q

What are the possible genotypes for B blood?

A

BB or BO

73
Q

What are the possible genotypes for AB blood?

A

AB

74
Q

What does a shaded in circle/square on a pedigree represent?

A

The person has the condition/disorder

75
Q

What does a square on a pedigree mean?

A

The person is a male

76
Q

What does a circle on a pedigree mean?

A

The person is a female

77
Q

How can you determine if a trait is recessive?

A

If the parents DON’T have it, but the kids DO

78
Q

How can you determine if a trait is dominant?

A

If the parents DO have it, and the kids DO OR DON’T

7 - Life Science (12 decks)

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