Unit B Matter and Chemical Change: section 2.0 Flashcards
What age did the first chemists live in?
The stone age
What was the very first known age?
the stone age
The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years and ended between 4000 BC and 2000 BC, with the advent of metalworking.
Around what year was the stone age?
8000 BC is included in the stone age
The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years and ended between 4000 BC and 2000 BC, with the advent of metalworking.
Describe the stone age
-Metals had not yet been discovered -Learned to control fire to make mud bricks, cook, and make tougher tools.
The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years and ended between 4000 BC and 2000 BC, with the advent of metalworking.
What did the ability to control fire lead to?
production of glass and ceramic material
What was the second age?
The metal age
Metallurgy, the study of extraction of metal from ores, developed by this age, which approximately lasted from 3,000 BC to 1,200 BC.
When did the metal age take place?
Metallurgy, the study of extraction of metal from ores, developed by this age, which approximately lasted from 3,000 BC to 1,200 BC.
Describe the metal age.
Scientists investigated metals with a higher value such as gold and copper.
Metallurgy, the study of extraction of metal from ores, developed by this age, which approximately lasted from 3,000 BC to 1,200 BC.
Why were scientists attracted to gold and copper?
Because of its luster and it didn’t tarnish. It was also easy to shape because of its softness
What was the downside to gold?
It could not be used for weapons because it was too soft
Why was copper valuable?
Because it could be used to make pots, coins, tools, and jewelry.
What metal when heated becomes very useful but when untreated is very useless?
Copper
What is bronze?
A material created when tin and copper are heated together.
When did experimenting with copper begin?
About 4500 BC
Metallurgy, the study of extraction of metal from ores, developed by the metal age, which approximately lasted from 3,000 BC to 1,200 BC.
Copper experiments happened in the stone age, before the metal age.
What is the third age?
The iron age
What year was the iron age?
1200 BC
How did the iron age begin?
The hittites learned how to extract iron from rocks
How was steel created?
People learned to combine iron and carbon
What was made with steel?
Sharper and stronger blades
Where does the word chemistry come from?
The greek word ‘khemia’ meaning juice of a plant
Who used the word ‘atomos’ to describe the smallest particles?
Greek philosipher Democritus
What did Democritus believe about atomos?
He believed that everything was made of atomos and each atomos had different properties and when you mixed them you could create new materials with different properties
What did Aristotle believe?
That everything was made of earth, fire, water, and air
What are alchemists?
People who were part scientists, part magicians.
Where does the word Alchemist come from?
The word al-kimiya meaning the chemist
Who made the first ever chemistry book?
Andreaus Libau
Who experimented with gasses?
Robert Boyle
Who developed a naming system for chemicals?
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Antonie Lavoisier is responsible for the development of chemical nomenclature. He invented the system of naming and classification which is still used today.
He wrote the book ‘Elements of Chemistry’ in 1787 and published ‘Method de nomenclature chimique’. He’s none other than Antoine Lavoisier. He compiled the first complete list of elements discovered and helped to develop the metric system and standardised chemical nomenclature.
Berzelius was also a pioneer of chemical nomenclature and introduced the familiar one- and two-letter symbols for the chemical elements based on their Latin names (some of which he had to devise himself). For example, carbon would be denoted as C and oxygen as O.
Who was the father of modern chemistry
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
What was the first theory of matter?
John Dalton suggested that matter was made of elements and he also composed a model of the elements. His description was called the billard ball model because it was comprised of solid spheres. And all atoms of a certain substance were the same.
What is a subatomic particle?
A particle smaller than an atom
Who discovered a subatomic particle first?
J.J. Thompson
What are electrons?
Negatively charged pieces of an atom.
Who discovered the raisin bun model (1897)?
J.J. Thomson
Describe the raisin bun model.
A negatively charged sphere with negative electrons embedded in it
Who created the Earth orbiting the sun model for atoms?
Hantaro Nagaoka
Describe the earth orbiting the sun model for atoms.
A positively charged sphere with negative electrons orbiting it in a ring.
What did Rutherford believe about the atom?
He suggested that atoms were mainly empty space through which the positive particles could pass, but at the core was a tiny positively charged centre.
Who created the solar system model using quantized orbits to represent the atom?
Niels Bohr
Nagaoka’s planetary model and Bohr’s model differ primarily in the treatment of electron orbits and energy levels. Nagaoka assumed continuous energy states, whereas Bohr introduced quantized orbits, allowing for defined energy levels and stable atomic structures
Describe the Niels Bohr solar system model
The electrons orbit in circles called electron shells around the nucleus.
What did James Chadwick discover?
That the nucleus contained particles called protons and neutrons
What is the significance of neutrons?
They add weight to the nucleus but contain no electrical charge
What is the quantum mechanics version of an atom?
It describes a cloud around the nucleus where negative particles are.
What did they do to label metals before John Dalton?
Early chemists used symbols of the Sun and planets
Who made the current version of describing elements? Describe that version.
Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius. He made chemical symbols choosing to capitalize the first letter of the symbol.
What is atomic mass?
Atomic mass is the mass of one atom of an element
What is atomic mass measured in?
Atomic mass units
The dalton or unified atomic mass unit is a unit of mass defined as 1/12 of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. The atomic mass constant, denoted mᵤ, is defined identically, giving mᵤ = 1/12 m = 1 Da.
atomic mass unit (AMU), in physics and chemistry, a unit for expressing masses of atoms, molecules, or subatomic particles. An atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12 the mass of a single atom of carbon-12, the most abundant isotope of carbon, or 1.660538921 × 10 −24 gram.
What did John Newlands discover?
The ‘law of octaves’: every 7 elements, the properties repeat
Who proved the law of octaves?
Mendeleev
What is each horizontal row in the periodic table called?
A period
What is each vertical column in the periodic table called?
Group or Family
What is the number in the top left corner of a box in the periodic table represent?
The Atomic Number
What does the atomic number represent?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and the identity of the atom.
If the number of protons changes, three atomic number files that change and the element is named something new to reflect the current amount of protons.
What are the components that make up the atomic mass?
the mass of an atom is equivalent to the number of the protons and neutrons
What is the number in the middle of the box containing the element symbol in the periodic table?
This number is usually about double the atomic number.
The atomic mass
What is the mass number in a periodic table element?
It represents the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
How can you determine the number of neutrons in an element using given information on the periodic table?
mass number - atomic number = number of neutrons
What is the first group of the periodic table?
Alkali metals
What is the second group of the periodic table?
Alkaline (Earth) metals
What is the blue group on the periodic table called?
Transition metals
What is the light green period on the periodic table called?
Lanthanides
What is the red period on the periodic table called?
Actinides
What is the darker green part on the periodic table called?
Metalloids
Some metalloids are debated by scientists, such that this periodic table may be missing some at the right and bottom of the staircase.
What is the orange group of the periodic table called?
Noble Gases
What is the yellow group on the periodic table called?
Halogens
