Finals Study Flashcards
What is a species?
A group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with one another
What are the characteristics of living things?
-Are made of cells
-Need energy,
-Grow and develop
-Reproduce
-Have adaptations that suit them for the
environment in which they live
What is biological diversity?
All the different types of organisms on Earth
Explain how ecosystem works
living (biotic) things interact with other living and nonliving (abiotic) things in a shared environment
What is a population?
When members of a species live in a specific area and share the same resources
What is a community?
When populations of different species live in the same area
What is genetic diversity?
Variations between members of a population
What are variations in species caused by?
Subtle variations in the cells of the organisms
Which area on the planet has the most species?
Places near the equator and tropical regions
Who developed a naming system for classifying organisms?
Carolus Linnaeus
What are the 2 words to name each living thing?
Genus, species
What did Linnaeus base his naming system on?
Physical structure rather than habitat
Why do scientists use Latin to describe organisms?
Because Latin is a dead language and will never change
What are the five kingdoms of classification?
Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Monera
Explain Animalia
Animals
Explain Plantae
Plants
Explain Fungi
Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
Explain Protista
mostly single-celled organisms
Explain Monera
Bacteria
What are the 7 categories of animal classifications?
Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Species
What have coral reefs been refered to as?
Amazons of the ocean
What is interdependence?
When each species is dependent on other organisms
What is symbiosis?
A type of interdependence where species impact each other
What is commensalism?
When one organism benefits but the other it not harmed
What is mutualism?
When both species benefit
What is parasitism?
When one species benefits and the other is harmed
What is interspecies competition?
When to or more resources need the same resource
What is a niche?
The role of an organism within an ecosystem
What is resource partitioning?
When different species divide up resources
How does variability connect to survival?
When the species has a great deal of variation among its individuals, it is more likely that some of the individuals will survive environmental changes.
How could variability help to be more resistant to disease?
The animals that are more resistant to bacteria will survive while the one that isn’t will die and can’t reproduce
What is natural selection?
Natural selection occurs when the environment “selects” which individuals will survive long enough to reproduce.
What are heritable characteristics?
Heritable characteristics are passed on from generation to generation.
What are non-heritable characteristics?
Non-heritable characteristics are acquired
What is discrete variation?
Discrete variation refers to differences in characteristics that have a defined form. Either you have it our you don’t.
What is continuous variation?
Continuous variation refers to differences in characteristics that have a range of forms. There are a wide range of forms
Explain asexual reproduction
- Involves only one parent
- All the offspring that result from asexual reproduction are identical to that parent
What are the different forms of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission
Budding
Spore production
Vegetative reproduction
Explain how Binary Fission works
- Only involves single-celled organisms
- During binary fission, a cell splits exactly in two, producing two identical individuals.
Explain how budding works
- The parent produces a small bud or a smaller version of itself
- the bud eventually detaches and becomes a new individual identical to its parent
Explain how spore production works
-Spores are similar to seeds but are produced by the division of cells of the parent
Explain how vegetative reproduction works
- You can take a cutting from another plant and place it in water it will grow
- Many plants grow runners that grow new plants along them
- Some trees grow suckers. If a sucker becomes separated from a tree it will form a new tree
- Tubers on potatoes are also a form
Explain some details of sexual reproduction
- Usually, involves two individuals
- Most species of animals and flowering plants reproduce sexually.
- offspring will have a mix of the characteristics of both individuals
What are gametes?
Specialized sex cells
What are the 2 gametes called?
Eggs
Sperm
What is fertilization?
The union of the sperm cell with the egg cell
What is a zygote?
The cell created by the joining of the two gametes
What happens after a zygote forms?
They divide into 2 cells in a process called cleavage
What is it called after a zygote splits into many cells?
An embryo
What is the female part of a plant called?
Pistil
What is the make part of the plant called?
Stamen
What is the stigma?
The top sticky part of the style in the middle of a flower
What is the style?
The tall part in the middle of a flower
What are the ovary and ovules?
The part of a flower just below the style that a pollen grows into.
What is included in the female part of a plant?
The stigma, style, ovary, ovule
What is included in the male part of a plant?
The filament and anther
Where is the anther on a plant?
The part on top of the filament that produces pollen
Where is the filament on a plant?
Underneath the anther that holds it up
What is pollination?
When pollen is transferred from the anther of the
stamen to the stigma of the pistil
What is cross-pollination?
when the pollen of one plant is carried to the stigma of another by the wind, water, or animals, such as bees or butterflies
What is cross-fertilization?
Cross-fertilization occurs when a grain of this pollen produces a long tube that eventually grows down the style into the ovary that contains the ovules.
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
-Does not require any specialized cells or a way of
bringing gametes together
-can produce lots of individuals very quickly.
What are the dis-advantages of asexual reproduction?
If conditions become unfavorable, the entire population may be wiped out.
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
lots of variation, which helps species survive environmental change.
What are the dis-advantages of sexual reproduction?
The main disadvantage of sexual reproduction is that it takes a lot of energy
What did Oswald Avery discover?
DNA
What is DNA short for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is DNA
The inherited material responsible for variation
Where in the cell is DNA found?
In the nucleus
What did James Watson and Francis Crick discover?
The genetic code
What four chemicals are the genetic code composed of?
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
How does DNA arrange itself?
In packages called chromosomes
How many chromosomes does a human body contain?
46
What is a gene?
An uninterrupted segment of DNA, which contains coded instructions
What are the characteristics of genes?
- Genes are located on the chromosomes.
- Each chromosome contains numerous gene locations.
- Like chromosomes, genes come in pairs.
- Both genes in a pair carry DNA instructions for the same thing.
- The DNA code may not be exactly the same in both locations.
What are alleles?
Genes that exist in an array of possible forms that differ as to their exact DNA sequence
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis occurs in the body cells of multicellular organisms and is responsible for the growth and cellular repair of a multicellular organism.
What is Meiosis?
- Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces cells with only half the DNA of a normal cell.
- Because each gamete has only half the DNA of a normal cell, when the male and female gametes unite, the zygote has a complete set of DNA.
Explain the process of mitosis?
- Chromosomes duplicate themselves
- Then the cell splits equally in half
Explain the process of meiosis?
- The chromosomes duplicates
- Then they exchange information
- Then the cell splits in half leaving it with double the DNA it needs
- Then it each cell splits in half again leaving four cells with half the DNA
What are traits?
A characteristic of an organism
What is a purebred?
Referring to a plant or animal that has ancestors all with the same form of a trait
What does hybrid mean?
An organism produced by crossing two individuals purebred for different forms of a trait
What is a dominant trait?
The outward form observed when two opposite-acting alleles are inherited
What is a recessive trait?
The outward form observed only when two same-acting, non-dominant alleles are inherited
What is incomplete dominance?
A pattern of inheritance seen when two different alleles are present at the same gene location, but neither is dominant
What is extinction?
The disappearance of every individual of a species from the entire planet
What is extirpation?
A local extinction, or the disappearance of a species from a particular area.
What does endangered mean?
Endangered species are ones that are in immediate danger of extinction or extirpation.
What does threatened mean?
Threatened species are likely to become endangered if their current declines are not reversed.
What are species of special concern?
Species that are of special concern are ones that are particularly vulnerable to natural events or human activities.
What are the natural causes of extinction or extirpation?
- catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, floods, or fires
- lack of food due to overpopulation
- disease
What is overspecialization?
When organisms have adaptations that suit them to only a narrow set of environmental conditions
Why does overspecialization happen?
This probably happens because the environment that the organism inhabits remains unchanged for a very long time.
What are the human causes of extinction and extirpation?
Habitat destruction
Introduction of a non-native species
Over-hunting
What are the effects of extinction and extirpation?
- Reduced biological diversity
- Reduced number of species on the planet
What is Artificial selection?
The process of selecting and breeding individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring that have these desired traits
What is the simplest way to clone a plant?
By taking a cutting from a plant and growing an identical plant from the cutting.
What is a drawback to cloning?
The drawback is that this ideal plant has only so many leaves that can be cut off to use as cuttings.
What is the way scientists create clones?
- Cells are removed from an individual plant that has certain traits.
- These cells are placed on a Petri dish or bottle containing nutrients and hormones the cells need.
- Once these cells have developed into seedlings, they can be transplanted into the soil.
What does Artificial reproductive technology mean?
Refers to any artificial method of joining a male and female gamete.
Explain how artificial insemination works
Sperm are harvested from a bull with desired characteristics and are inserted into many female cows
Explain how in vitro fertilization works
- Sperm from a bull and eggs from a prize cow are harvested from the animals.
- In a laboratory, the eggs and sperm are placed in a Petri dish, and the eggs are fertilized.
- This produces many embryos
- Each embryo is implanted into a different cow
What does genetic engineering mean?
Refers to any technology that directly alters the DNA of an organism.
Explain how genetic engineering works?
Many of the genetic engineering techniques involve inserting a gene from one species into another species.
What is In-situ conservation?
Refers to the maintenance of populations of wild organisms in their functioning ecosystems
What is a positive to In-situ conservation?
It allows the ecological processes of an area to continue undisturbed.
What is Ex-situ conservation?
Refers to the conservation of components of
biological diversity outside of a natural habitat.
What does a yellow triangle mean?
Caution?
What does an orange diamond mean?
Warning
What does a red octagon mean?
Danger
What does WHMIS stand for?
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
What are the states of matter?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
What is melting?
A change from a solid to a liquid
What is evaporation or vaporization?
A change from a liquid to a gas
What is condensation?
A change from a gas to a liquid
What is freezing?
A change from liquid to a solid
What is sublimation?
A change from solid to gas
What is deposition?
A change from gas to solid
What are properties?
Characteristics that can be used to describe a substance
What are the 2 types of properties that all matter has?
Physical and chemical
What are some physical properties of matter?
- colour
- lustre
- melting point
- boiling point
- hardness
- malleability
- ductility
- crystal shape
- solubility
- density
- conductivity
What is melting point?
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a solid to a liquid.
What is boiling point?
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which its liquid phase changes to the gas phase.
What is hardness?
Hardness is a substance’s ability to resist being scratched.
What is hardness measured in?
Hardness is usually measured on the Mohs’ hardness scale from 1 to 10.
What is malleability?
A substance that can be pounded or rolled into sheets
What is ductility?
Any solid that can be stretched into a long wire
What is crystal shape?
The shape of a substance’s crystals
What is solubility?
The ability of a substance to be dissolved in another
What is density?
The amount of mass in a given volume of a substance
What is conductivity?
The ability of a substance to conduct electricity or heat
What does a chemical property describe?
How a substance interacts with other substances such as acids
What does a chemical change always result in?
The formation of a different substance or substances.
What is a pure substance?
Made of only one kind of matter and has a unique set of properties that sets it apart from any other kind of matter
What can a pure substance be?
Either an element or a compound (2 or more elements put together)
What is an element?
A material that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance.
What is a compound?
When two or more elements combine chemically—that is, in specific, fixed proportions
What is a mixture?
A combination of pure substances
What are the 4 different types of mixtures?
Mechanical mixture
Solutions
What is a mechanical mixture?
The different substances that make up the mixture are visible
What is a solution?
the different substances that make it up are not separately visible. One substance is dissolved in another
What is a suspension?
- A suspension is a cloudy mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another
- These particles can be separated out when the mixture is poure through filter paper
What is a colloid?
•a cloudy mixture, but the particles of the suspended substance are so small that they cannot be easily separated out from the other substance.
What are some evidences of chemical change?
Change in odour
Change in Colur
Formation of solid or gas
Release or absortion of heat energy
What is a physical change?
A physical change is one in which a material change from one state to another
What is a chemical change?
when two or more materials react and create new materials.
How does freeze drying work?
- The food is frozen to convert water to ice
- Then put into a pressure chamber to sublime the ice
When was the stone age?
8000 B.C.
What happened in the stone age?
- Humans used only simple stone tools at the time.
- Metals had not been discovered.
- Used fire to their advantage
What happened in 6000 B.C. and 1000 B.C.?
Early chemists investigated only materials that had a high value to humans.
Why was Gold very highly valued?
It had attractive color and luster, and it didn’t tarnish. Its softness made it easy to shape into detailed designs
What was a downside to gold?
Because it is so soft, however, gold could not be used for tools or weapons.
Why was copper valuable?
Because it could be used to make pots, coins, tools, and jewellery
What was surprising about copper?
- A piece of natural, untreated copper is brittle—that is, it breaks easily.
- When copper is heated, it becomes very useful because it can be rolled into sheets or stretched into long wires
What is bronze?
A hard, strong material created when copper and tin are heated and mixed together
How did the Iron age begin?
Around 1200 B.C. Hittites discovered how to extract iron from rocks and turn it into a useful material
How was steel created?
Mixing iron and carbon
Where does the word chemistry come from?
The Greek word Khemia meaning juice of the plant
Who coined the word Atomos?
Democritus
What did Aristotle believe about matter?
He stated that everything was made of earth, air, fire, and water
What is alchemy?
An activity that is not a real science because it includes the use of magic
Who created a naming system for chemicals?
French scientist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
What did John dalton believe about atoms?
In John Dalton’s theory, atoms are like solid billiard balls. The atoms of each element have a different mass than atoms in other elements.
What is a sub-atomic particle?
A particle that is smaller than an atom
Who proposed the raisin bun model? (Atoms)
J.J. Thomson
Describe the Raisin Bun Model (atoms)
A positively charged ball with negatively charged electrons embedded in it
Who created the solar system model? (atoms)
Hantaro Nagaoka
Describe the solar system model? (Atoms)
At the center was a large positively charged ball with electrons orbiting in a ring around it
What was the James Bohr model? (atoms)
A positively charged atom in the middle and electrons move in circular orbits around the shell
What does the nucleus of the atom contain?
Protons and Atoms
What is the difference between protons and neutrons?
Protons are positively charged while neutrons are neutral and are the same mass of protons
What is the quantum mechanics model of an atom?
Describes electrons as existing in a charged cloud around the nucleus
How did early chemists organize the elements?
Symbols of the Sun and planets to represent the seven metallic elements known at the time
Elements are organized by what?
Atomic Mass
What is Atomic mass measured in?
Atomic Mass units
What is the law of octaves?
Properties of elements seemed to repeat through this list at regular intervals
What is each horizontal row on the periodic table called?
A period
What is each vertical column on the periodic table called?
A group or family
Where is the atomic number on an element box?
Top left corner
Where is the symbol located on an element box?
In the center
Where is the atomic mass located on element box?
On the bottom
Where is the ion charge on an element box?
Top right corner
Where does the abbreviation for an element name come from?
Latin and some are named after the discoverer
What does the atomic number show?
How many protons are in the nucleus of one atom of the element.
What number is always equal to the number of protons?
Electrons
What does the atomic mass tell you?
The total mass of all the protons and neutrons in an atom
What is the mass number?
It represents the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom rounded
How would you find the number of neutrons if you have the mass number and protons?
Mass number - Protons = neutrons
What are al the elements on the left side of the staircase of the periodic tables classified as?
Metals
What are al the elements on the right side of the staircase of the periodic tables classified as?
Non-metals
What are the characteristics of metals?
Shiny, malleable, and ductile. They also conduct electricity.
What are the characteristics of non-metals?
Non-metals can be a solid or a gas. Solid nonmetals are dull, brittle elements. Non-metals, except carbon, do not conduct electricity
What is the staircase of the periodic table called?
metalloids
What are the characteristics of mettaloids?
Have both metallic and non-metallic properties.
What group is the most reactive of the metals?
Alkali metals, they react when exposed to air or water
What is the second most reactive of the metals?
Alkaline-earth metals. They react when exposed to air and water as well, but their reactivity is not as strong as that of the alkali metals.
What is the most reactive of the non-metals?
Halogens
What are the characteristics noble gasses?
they are the most stable and unreactive
elements
What is the first group or family in the periodic table called?
Alkali metals
What is the second group or family in the periodic table called?
Alkaline earth metals
What is biggest group in the periodic table called?
Transition metals
What is the 18 family or group on the periodic table called?
Noble gases
What is the 17th family or group in the periodic table called?
Halogens
What does the chemical formula identify?
The formula identifies which elements, and how much of each, are in the compound
Who created a naming system for compounds?
Guyton de Morveau
What are some rules that Guyton de Morveau created?
- Use the chemical name for each element in the compound,
- Always putting the metal element first.
Who is now responsible for agreeing on an appropriate name for every chemical compound?
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
What does each chemical compound always end with?
-ide
What is the subscript?
The little number that goes below an atom name in a chemical compound
How do you indicate the physical state of a compound?
make a subscript with an “s”, “l” or “g”
What 2 things are always in a chemical compound?
A metal and a non-metal
What is an ionic Compound?
Ionic compounds are pure substances formed as a result of the attraction between particles of opposite charges, called ions