Unit A Biological Diversity: Section 4.0 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is extinction?

A

Extinction is the disappearance of every individual of a species from then entire planet

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2
Q

What percent of species do scientist think are extinct?

A

Scientists estimate that 99% of all the species that have ever existed are now extinct. Extinction is natural.

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3
Q

What were most mass extinctions caused by?

A

Catastrophic events

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4
Q

When was the last major environmental change?

A

1.8 million years ago, called the ice age

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5
Q

What is extirpation?

A

Extirpation is a local extinction or the disappearance of a species from a particular area.

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6
Q

What are endangered species?

A

Endangered species are ones that are in immediate danger of extinction or extirpation.

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7
Q

What are threatened species?

A

Threatened species are likely to become endangered if their current declines are not reversed

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8
Q

What are species of special concern?

A

Species that are of special concern are ones that are particularly vulnerable to natural events or human activities.

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9
Q

Overspecialization

A

When organisms have adaptations that suit them to only a narrow set of environmental conditions.

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10
Q

Why does overspecialization happen?

A

This probably happens because the environment that the organism inhabits remains unchanged for a very long time.

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11
Q

What are the natural causes of extinction?

A
  • catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, floods, or fires
  • lack of food due to overpopulation
  • disease
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12
Q

Human causes of extinction and extirpation?

A

Habitat Destruction
Introduction of Non-Native Species
Over-Hunting

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13
Q

Explain habitat destruction

A

Construction of buildings, agricultural development, logging, and the damming of rivers all change environments. These activities are necessary to meet human needs

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14
Q

Explain introduction of a non-native species

A

When introduced species use the same resources as native species, they compete with the native species and cause the number of native species to decline, simply because there is less of everything.

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15
Q

Explain Over-hunting

A

Over-hunting was the major cause of the decline and eventual extirpation and extinction. Basically when people killed certain species until they all died

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16
Q

What are the effects of extinction and extirperation?

A

Reduced biological diversity. When an organism disappears locally or globally, many other species are affected.

17
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Artificial selection is the process of selecting and breeding individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring that have these desired traits

18
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

The use of living things to make agricultural, industrial, or medicinal products

19
Q

What was a way people practiced biotechnology?

A

Native peoples practiced an early form of biotechnology when they gathered seeds from the biggest and healthiest corn plants

20
Q

What is a downside to biotechnology?

A

It takes a very long time generations

21
Q

How do farmers create plant clones?

A

The simplest way to create a clone is by taking a cutting from a plant and growing an identical plant from the cutting.

22
Q

Why would a farmer want to create a plant clone?

A

Because the plant has desirable traits

23
Q

What is the drawback to cloning plants?

A

The drawback is that this ideal plant has only so many leaves that can be cut off to use as cuttings.

24
Q

What way does scientist make clones?

A

They take cells from the desired plant and are placed in a Petri dish with all the chemicals needed. Once they develop into seedlings they are put in soil

25
Q

What is artificial reproductive technology?

A

It refers to any artificial method of joining a male and female gamete

26
Q

What are the 2 ways of artificial reproductive technology and explain both

A

Artificial insemination- When sperm is harvested and inserted into a female
In-vitro fertilization- Sperm and eggs are harvested and placed in a petri dish and fertilized. Then placed into cows

27
Q

Explain genetic engineering

A

Genetic engineering refers to any technology that directly alters the DNA of an organism. Takes a gene from one organism and implants it into another organism

28
Q

What some risks of cloning?

A

Unsuccessful pregnancies, birth defects, and deaths among clones.

29
Q

What are genetic engineering risks in plants?

A

The plants are able to breed with weeds and then become resistant to herbicides

30
Q

What are the strategies to conserve biological diversity?

A

Protected Areas
Restoration of Ecosystems and Species
Resource Use Policies
Controlling the Spread of Exotic Species

31
Q

What is in-situ conservation?

A

In-situ conservation refers to the maintenance of populations of wild organisms in their functioning ecosystems. Eg protected land

32
Q

What is ex-situ conservation?

A

Ex-situ conservation refers to the conservation of components of biological diversity outside of a natural habitat. eg. zoos