Unit 9.1

Question 1

Emotions in Psychology (ex. of having a sick dog)

Answer 1

Include feelings - “I feel sad”
Involve appraisals - the dog is ill
Focus on an object - dog
Associated with physical expressions - crying for dog

Question 2

Emotivist View

Answer 2

Music induces emotions in listeners

Question 3

Cognitivist View

Answer 3

Music expresses emotions listeners comprehend

Question 4

Emotion Perception

Answer 4

Music listener perceives or recognizes emotion without necessarily feeling it themselves ( cognitivist view)

Question 5

Emotion induction

Answer 5

Music evokes emotion in listener (emotivist view)

Question 6

Elements of Expression

Answer 6

• patterns of relationships between features of music and the emotions they seem to express
• major key (happy) vs. minor key (sad)
• firm vs. flowing rhythm
• simple vs. complex harmony

Question 7

Hevner Study (1936) & Perceived Emotion

Answer 7

Major mode: happy, merry
Minor mode: sad, dreamy

Firm rhythms: vigorous and dignified (notes played every beat)
Flowing rhythms: happy, graceful (graceful broken chords)

Complex dissonant harmonies: exciting, agitated, vigorous and inclined towards sadness
Simple dissonant harmonies: happy, graceful, serene and lyrical

Question 8

Tempo and Mode & Perceived Emotion

Answer 8

Fast tempo: usually perceived as happy
Slower tempo: sad
Major keys: happy
Minor keys: sad
If different tempos and modes are mixed = mixed emotions

Question 9

Classifying emotions (valence & arousal)

Answer 9

Valence = relating to expressing positivity vs. negativity
Arousal = relating to the amount of energy in a musical passage

Question 10

Development of Perceiving Emotions in Music

Answer 10

Young kids tend to use tempo, loudness, and range of pitch as clues (psychoacoustic properties)
Put more weight on lyrics (ie. if lyrics are happy but it sounds sound = they will think happy)

Question 11

Development of Perceiving Emotions in Music - 3 years old

Answer 11

Can distinguish between major and minor keys of instrumental pieces as happy or sad

Question 12

Development of Perceiving Emotions in Music - 5 years old

Answer 12

Can identify basic emotions in music such as happy or sad
- confuse anger and fear
They rely more heavily on tempo

Question 13

Development of Perceiving Emotions in Music - 11 years old

Answer 13

As accurate as adults at recognizing
- happy
- sad
- fear
- peacefulness

Question 14

How do we recognize emotion in music?

Answer 14

Speech
- articulation rate, pitch, loudness
Music
- tempo, pitch height, dynamics
Production
- happy, sad, anger, pleasant
- sadness = falling minor third interval
Perception
- interval of falling minor third = best predictor of sadness
- ascending minor second or perfect fifth to convey anger