Unit 9 - Transport in Animals Flashcards
circulatory system, heart, blood vessels, blood
what are the 3 main types of blood vessels
- arteries
- veins
- capilleries
where do arteries carry blood
away from your heart
features of an artery
- can stretch (felt as a pulse )
- have a small lumen with thick elastic walls to hnadle the high blood pressure
where does veins carry blood
back to your heart
features of a vein
- contains valves that prevent backflow
- blood is squeezed back towards the heart by the skeletal muscles
- large lumen and relatively thin walls as blood pressure is lower
features of capilleries
- walls are only one cell hick, reducing diffusion distance
- tiny vessel with narrow lumen
function of capilleries
- form a huge network linking arteries and veins
- allows blood to access every cell in our body
What does the hepatic artery do
carries oxygenated blood to the liver
what does the hepatic vein do
carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
what does the hepatic portal vein do
carries nutrient rich blood from the intestines to the liver
what is xoygenated blood carried to kidnyes in
renal artery
where is deoxygenated blood carried from the kidneys to the heart
renal vein
function of coronary arteries/veins
supply nutrients and remove co2 from heart
what is the vena cava
biggest vein in the body
what is the aorta
biggest artery in the body
function of valves
prevent blood flowing backwards
thickness of muscle walls in the atria vs ventricle
atra thicker than ventricles / left ventricle thicker than right ventricle
what does thickness of muscle walls in the heart mean
how far blood can be pushed , thicker = further
purpose of a circulatory system
allows us to transport nutrients , waste products and gases
what happens to deoxygenated blood in the lungs
is oxygenated and CO2 is removed
where does oxygenated blood go
back to the heart and is pumped to body cells
where is oxygen and CO2 used
oxygen diffused into body cells and CO2 diffused intp the blood
how can the heart be monitered
- stethoscope
- electrocardiogram
- bpm or blood pressure
what does a stethoscope do
listens for if valves are opening and closing correctly
what does an ecg do
measures the electrical signal from the heart to see if it is contracting in a healthy rhythm
what are ventricle walls thicker than atria walls
bc ventricle push blood out of the heart
why is left ventricle thicker than the right
has to push blood all the way around the body and right side only to the lungs
what does blood consist of
rbc, wbc, platelets and plasma
structure of rbc
biconcave , containing no nuclus but plenty of haemoglobin
structure of wbc
large cells containing a big nucleus
platelets structure
fragmens of cells
plasma structure
straw colored liquid
function of plasma
important fro the transport of co2 , nutrients, mineral ions, hormones and heat energy
function of rbc
transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells whicj require it for aerobic respiration
functions of wbc
defend the body against infection by pathogens by carrying out phagocytosis and antibody production
function of platelets
involved in helpiung blood clot
why does blood clot
prevents continued / significant blood loss from wounds
how does blot clotting on wounds work
scab formation seals the wound with an insoluble path that prevents entry of microorganisims tha could cause infection
what are wbc part of
bodys immune system
what are the 2 types of wbc
phagocytes and lymphcoytes
function of phagocytes
carry out phagocytosis by englulfing and releasing diestive enzymes digesting pathogens
how to recognise phagocytes under a microscope
multi-lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm
function of lymphoctyes
produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic cells and antioxins to neturalise tioxins by pathogens
how to recognise lymphocytes under a microscope
large round nucleus that takes up nearly thw whole cell, and clear non grnaular cytoplasm
what is the conversion of fibrinogen
platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert to insoluble fibrin which froms and insoluble mesh across thw ound, trapping rbc and therfore forming a clot. clot dries and devlops a scab to protect wound from bacteria enetering
what happens in coronary heart diesase
coronary artery becomes partially or completely blocked by fatty deposits called plaques.
arteries are not very elastic and cant stretch to accomodatr the blood which i being forced through them
what happens during a partial blockage of coronary arteries
creates restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina
what happens when coronary arteries are completely blocked
means that cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire and can no longer contract, leading to a heart attack
what is coronary plauqe made from
cholesterol and wbc
how does a poor diet contribute to coronary heart disease
eating more saturated fat increases cholesterol lvls increasing rhe chmaces of blockages
how does stress contribute to coronary heart disease
when under stress hormones are produced and can increase blood pressure
how doees smoking contribute to coronary heart disease
causes blood vessels to narrow increasing blood pressure which will lead to a build up of fat globules
advantage of a double circulatory system
seperates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. this maintains a steeper concentration gradient therefore increasing the rate of diffusion.
