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Biology > Unit 9 - Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Unit 9 - Transport in Animals Flashcards

circulatory system, heart, blood vessels, blood

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 3 main types of blood vessels

A
  1. arteries
  2. veins
  3. capilleries
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2
Q

where do arteries carry blood

A

away from your heart

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3
Q

features of an artery

A
  • can stretch (felt as a pulse )
  • have a small lumen with thick elastic walls to hnadle the high blood pressure
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4
Q

where does veins carry blood

A

back to your heart

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5
Q

features of a vein

A
  • contains valves that prevent backflow
  • blood is squeezed back towards the heart by the skeletal muscles
  • large lumen and relatively thin walls as blood pressure is lower
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6
Q

features of capilleries

A
  • walls are only one cell hick, reducing diffusion distance
  • tiny vessel with narrow lumen
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7
Q

function of capilleries

A
  • form a huge network linking arteries and veins
  • allows blood to access every cell in our body
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8
Q

What does the hepatic artery do

A

carries oxygenated blood to the liver

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9
Q

what does the hepatic vein do

A

carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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10
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein do

A

carries nutrient rich blood from the intestines to the liver

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11
Q

what is xoygenated blood carried to kidnyes in

A

renal artery

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12
Q

where is deoxygenated blood carried from the kidneys to the heart

A

renal vein

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13
Q

function of coronary arteries/veins

A

supply nutrients and remove co2 from heart

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14
Q

what is the vena cava

A

biggest vein in the body

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15
Q

what is the aorta

A

biggest artery in the body

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16
Q

function of valves

A

prevent blood flowing backwards

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17
Q

thickness of muscle walls in the atria vs ventricle

A

atra thicker than ventricles / left ventricle thicker than right ventricle

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18
Q

what does thickness of muscle walls in the heart mean

A

how far blood can be pushed , thicker = further

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19
Q

purpose of a circulatory system

A

allows us to transport nutrients , waste products and gases

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20
Q

what happens to deoxygenated blood in the lungs

A

is oxygenated and CO2 is removed

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21
Q

where does oxygenated blood go

A

back to the heart and is pumped to body cells

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22
Q

where is oxygen and CO2 used

A

oxygen diffused into body cells and CO2 diffused intp the blood

23
Q

how can the heart be monitered

A
  • stethoscope
  • electrocardiogram
  • bpm or blood pressure
24
Q

what does a stethoscope do

A

listens for if valves are opening and closing correctly

25
Q

what does an ecg do

A

measures the electrical signal from the heart to see if it is contracting in a healthy rhythm

26
Q

what are ventricle walls thicker than atria walls

A

bc ventricle push blood out of the heart

27
Q

why is left ventricle thicker than the right

A

has to push blood all the way around the body and right side only to the lungs

28
Q

what does blood consist of

A

rbc, wbc, platelets and plasma

29
Q

structure of rbc

A

biconcave , containing no nuclus but plenty of haemoglobin

30
Q

structure of wbc

A

large cells containing a big nucleus

31
Q

platelets structure

A

fragmens of cells

32
Q

plasma structure

A

straw colored liquid

33
Q

function of plasma

A

important fro the transport of co2 , nutrients, mineral ions, hormones and heat energy

34
Q

function of rbc

A

transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells whicj require it for aerobic respiration

35
Q

functions of wbc

A

defend the body against infection by pathogens by carrying out phagocytosis and antibody production

36
Q

function of platelets

A

involved in helpiung blood clot

37
Q

why does blood clot

A

prevents continued / significant blood loss from wounds

38
Q

how does blot clotting on wounds work

A

scab formation seals the wound with an insoluble path that prevents entry of microorganisims tha could cause infection

39
Q

what are wbc part of

A

bodys immune system

40
Q

what are the 2 types of wbc

A

phagocytes and lymphcoytes

41
Q

function of phagocytes

A

carry out phagocytosis by englulfing and releasing diestive enzymes digesting pathogens

42
Q

how to recognise phagocytes under a microscope

A

multi-lobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm

43
Q

function of lymphoctyes

A

produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic cells and antioxins to neturalise tioxins by pathogens

44
Q

how to recognise lymphocytes under a microscope

A

large round nucleus that takes up nearly thw whole cell, and clear non grnaular cytoplasm

45
Q

what is the conversion of fibrinogen

A

platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert to insoluble fibrin which froms and insoluble mesh across thw ound, trapping rbc and therfore forming a clot. clot dries and devlops a scab to protect wound from bacteria enetering

46
Q

what happens in coronary heart diesase

A

coronary artery becomes partially or completely blocked by fatty deposits called plaques.
arteries are not very elastic and cant stretch to accomodatr the blood which i being forced through them

47
Q

what happens during a partial blockage of coronary arteries

A

creates restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina

48
Q

what happens when coronary arteries are completely blocked

A

means that cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire and can no longer contract, leading to a heart attack

49
Q

what is coronary plauqe made from

A

cholesterol and wbc

50
Q

how does a poor diet contribute to coronary heart disease

A

eating more saturated fat increases cholesterol lvls increasing rhe chmaces of blockages

51
Q

how does stress contribute to coronary heart disease

A

when under stress hormones are produced and can increase blood pressure

52
Q

how doees smoking contribute to coronary heart disease

A

causes blood vessels to narrow increasing blood pressure which will lead to a build up of fat globules

53
Q

advantage of a double circulatory system

A

seperates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. this maintains a steeper concentration gradient therefore increasing the rate of diffusion.

Biology (18 decks)

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