long processes etc

Question 1

Outline the subsequent use and storage of the
carbohydrates made in photosynthesis (5)

Answer 1

a) starch as an energy store
(b) cellulose to build cell walls
(c) glucose used in respiration to provide energy
(d) sucrose for transport in the phloem
(e) nectar to attract insects for pollination

Question 2

Outline the process of vaccination:

Answer 2

(a) weakened pathogens or their antigens are
put into the body
(b) the antigens stimulate an immune response
by lymphocytes which produce antibodies
(c) memory cells are produced that give long-term immunity

Question 3

Outline how the oxygen debt is removed after
exercise

Answer 3

(a) continuation of fast heart rate to transport
lactic acid in the blood from the muscles to
the liver
(b) continuation of deeper and faster breathing
to supply oxygen for aerobic respiration of
lactic acid
(c) aerobic respiration of lactic acid in the liver

Question 4

Describe the events at a synapse

Answer 4

(a) an impulse stimulates the release of
neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles
into the synaptic gap
(b) the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse
across the gap
(c) neurotransmitter molecules bind with
receptor proteins on the next neurone
(d) an impulse is then stimulated in the next
neurone

Question 5

Explain the role of auxin in controlling shoot
growth

Answer 5

a) auxin is made in the shoot tip
(b) auxin diffuses through the plant from the
shoot tip
(c) auxin is unequally distributed in response to
light and gravity
(d) auxin stimulates cell elongation

Question 6

Explain how a protein is made,

Answer 6

• the gene coding for the protein remains in
  the nucleus
• messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of a gene
• mRNA molecules are made in the nucleus
  and move to the cytoplasm
• the mRNA passes through ribosomes
• the ribosome assembles amino acids into
  protein molecules
• the specific sequence of amino acids is
  determined by the sequence of bases in the
  mRNA

Question 7

Describe natural selection

Answer 7

(a) genetic variation within populations
(b) production of many offspring
(c) struggle for survival, including competition
for resources
(d) a greater chance of reproduction by
individuals that are better adapted to the
environment than others
(e) these individuals pass on their alleles to the
next generation

Question 8

Describe selective breeding

Answer 8

(a) selection by humans of individuals with
desirable features
(b) crossing these individuals to produce the
next generation
(c) selection of offspring showing the desirable
features

Question 9

Explain the process of eutrophication of water

Answer 9

• increased availability of nitrate and other
  ions
• increased growth of producers
• increased decomposition after death of
  producers
• increased aerobic respiration by decomposers
• reduction in dissolved oxygen
• death of organisms requiring dissolved
  oxygen in water

Question 10

Outline the process of genetic modification using
bacterial production of a human protein as an
example,

Answer 10

(a) isolation of the DNA making up a human
gene using restriction enzymes, forming
sticky ends
(b) cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with
the same restriction enzymes, forming
complementary sticky ends
(c) insertion of human DNA into bacterial
plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a
recombinant plasmid
(d) insertion of recombinant plasmids into
bacteria (specific details are not required)
(e) multiplication of bacteria containing
recombinant plasmids
(f) expression in bacteria of the human gene to
make the human protein

Question 11

Outline examples of genetic modification

Answer 11

a) the insertion of human genes into bacteria to
produce human proteins
(b) the insertion of genes into crop plants to
confer resistance to herbicides
(c) the insertion of genes into crop plants to
confer resistance to insect pests
(d) the insertion of genes into crop plants to
improve nutritional qualities