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Biology > Unit 7 - Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Human Nutrition Flashcards

diet, digestive system, physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the seven groups of a balanced diet ?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. fats
  3. proteins
  4. vitamins
  5. minerals
  6. dietary fibers
  7. water
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2
Q

What are carbohydrates needed for?

A

primary nutrient for producing energy using respiration

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3
Q

examples of carbohydrates (both simple sugars and starch)

A

starch : bread pasta potato
simple sugars: cakes , sweets

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4
Q

What are fats/lipids needed for?

A
  • making cell membrane
  • storage of energy
  • produce fat tissue to stay warm
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5
Q

examples of fats

A

butter, oil, cheese

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6
Q

What is protein needed for ?

A

growth and repair. (getting bigger by growing new cells and replacing worn cells)

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7
Q

examples of proteins

A

meat fish egg beans

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8
Q

What is Vitamin c needed for?

A

used in creating connective tissue, blood vessels, bones and cartilage.
required for wound healing

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9
Q

What is vitamin d needed for?

A

helps to basorb calcium from your diet. needed to maintain strong healthy bones

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10
Q

sources of vitamin d

A

fatty fish, egg yolks, mushrooms, sunlight

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11
Q

What is the fuction of calcium

A

needed for maintaining healthy bones, for muscle contractions and blood clotting

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12
Q

food examples of calcium

A

milk, cheese , fish with bones

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13
Q

function of iron

A

required for making haemoglobin in red blood cells used to bind oxygen.

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14
Q

food examples of iron

A

red meat, leafy greens, whole grains

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15
Q

function of dietary fibers

A

ensures food moves through your intestines at the right rate

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16
Q

sources of dietary fibers

A

fruits and vegetables

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17
Q

function of water

A

acts as a solvent for cellular reactions, circulatory systems and digestion
helps maintain body temperature

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18
Q

How does the mouth and salivary glands help digest food

A
  • teeth grind food into small pieces
  • salivary glands release saliva. the saliva contains amylase enzymes which breaks fown starch into maltose. another enzyme maltase breaks down moltose into glucose
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19
Q

function of the oesophagus in digestion

A
  • back of the mouth food is made into a ball called a bolus
  • the bolus is pushed down the oesophagus by rings of muscle.
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20
Q

What is the contraction of digestive muscles called

A

peristalsis

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21
Q

function of the stomach in digestion

A

muscles churn food
enzymes( eg pepsin ) are added, hydrochloric acid is added

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22
Q

function of the small intestine

A

absorbs nutrients, it is made from microscopic villi that help increase the surface area , so more nutrients can be absorbed more quickly.

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23
Q

purpose of cappilaries in villi, what do they transport

A

reduce diffusion distance (faster diffusion)
transport water, amino acids etc.

24
Q

what does the lacteal do in villi

A

absorbs fats

25
Q

what role does blood have in the small intestine / villi

A

blood flowing maintains concentration gradient and larger concentration gradient means faster diffusion

26
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum ileum and jejunum

27
Q

where is the duodenum and what is its function?

A

food out of the stomach enters the duodenum where bile and digestive enzymes are added to further digest food

28
Q

Where is the ileum and what is its function

A

after the jejunum food wil pass into the ileum where the majority of nutrients are absorbed

29
Q

function of the large intestine

A

mainly indigestible food and water enter , job is to basorb water back into the body

30
Q

function of the rectum and anus

A

anus is the opening at the end of the digestive system. faeces is stored in the rectum ready to be released

31
Q

function of the liver and gall bladder

A

liver produces bile which helps to digest lipids/fats. gall bladder stores bile until it is released into the small intestine

32
Q

function of the pancreas

A

produces enzymes involved in digestion

33
Q

where does physical / mechanical digestion take place

A

mouth and stomach

34
Q

physical / mechanical digestion definition

A

breaking down large bits of food into smaller bits without any chemical change to the molecules in order to maxamise surface area

35
Q

chemical digestion definition

A

breaking down large molecules into smaller soluble ones using enzymes

36
Q

what does ingestion mean

A

eating food

37
Q

what does digestion mean

A

breakdown of food

38
Q

what does absorbtion mean in digestion

A

movement of nutrients from the intestines into the blood

39
Q

what does assimilation mean

A

movement of nutrients from the blood into the body cells

40
Q

what does egestion mean

A

passing of faeces/ undigested food

41
Q

what are the 4 types of teeth

A
  1. canines
  2. molars
  3. incisors
  4. premolars
42
Q

function of canines

A

cut and tear up food

43
Q

function fo molars

A

teeth that do the most chewing worl while eating

44
Q

function of incisors

A

work to bring food into the mouth and cut it

45
Q

function of premolars

A

help incisors and canines frind and mix food while chewing

46
Q

Function of bile in digestion

A

helps to emulsify fats, increasing the surface area for faster chemical digestion by enzymes

47
Q

what are the 3 main types of enzymes

A

carbohydrases
lipases
porteases

48
Q

function of carbohydrases (amylase)

A

digest starch into maltose. maltose is digested to glucose by maltase

49
Q

function of lipases

A

digest lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

50
Q

function of pepsin

A

digest proteins into amino acids

51
Q

function of trypsin

A

digests proteins to amino acids

52
Q

where is amylase produced

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancrease and secreted into the duodenum
53
Q

where are lipases produced

A

in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum

54
Q

where is pepsin found

A

found in the stomach
optimised for acidic conditions as the stomach contains hydrochloric acid

55
Q

where is trypsin produced

A

in the pancreas ad secreted into the duodenum
optimised fro alkaline (bile neuturlaises the hydrochloric acid)

Biology (18 decks)

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